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Kenkyusha's New Japanese-English Dictionary, Kenkyusha Limited, Tokyo 1991, is a type of Japanese classical music that was historically used for imperial court music and dances. was developed as court music of the Kyoto Imperial Palace, and its near-current form was established in the Heian period (794–1185) around the 10th century. History of gagaku Nihon gagakukai Today, it is performed by the Board of Ceremonies in the Tokyo Imperial Palace.
Gagaku consists of three primary repertoires:
, like , employs the yo scale, a pentatonic scale with ascending intervals of two, three, two, two, and three semitones between the five scale tones. Japanese Music, Cross-Cultural Communication: World Music, University of Wisconsin – Green Bay Artistically it differs from the music of the corresponding Chinese form (雅楽) which is a term reserved for ceremonial music.
Even though the Japanese use the same term, 雅楽 ( in Mandarin Chinese), the form of music imported from China was primarily banquet music () rather than the ceremonial music of the Chinese . The importation of music peaked during the Tang dynasty, and these pieces are called (Tang music). pieces that originated at a time earlier than the Tang dynasty are called (ancient music), while those originating after the Tang dynasty are called (new music). The term itself was first recorded in 701, when the first imperial academy of music was established.
Music from the Korean kingdom of Goguryeo had been recorded as early as 453 AD, and was eventually used as a term that covered all Korean pieces, the Goguryeo kingdom being referred to as Koma in Japanese. and became established in southern Japan during the Nara period (710–794). In 736, music from India and Vietnam were also introduced, known as Tenjikugaku and Rinyūgaku respectively.
During the Nara period in the 8th century, was performed at national events, such as the erection of the Great Buddha of Todai-ji Temple, by organizing performance groups at large temples.
From the 9th century to the 10th century, during the Heian period, traditional was developed further, becoming distinctly Japanese in style through its fusion with musical styles indigenous to Japan, changing it greatly. The form of was almost completed by the fusion of , , and which were introduced from Asian countries, with , traditional Japanese music, and , songs born in the Heian period.
target="_blank" rel="nofollow"> The Indigenization and Accomplishment of Gagaku Japan Arts Council During this period, many pieces of music were created and foreign-style music was rearranged and renewed. was also reorganized, and foreign-style music was classified into categories called and . Chinese, Vietnamese and Indian style was classified as , and Korean and Manchurian style was classified as . and were also included in the category of .Ortolani 1995, pp. 42–43.
The popularity of reached its peak between the 9th and 10th centuries, when court aristocracy began to hold private concerts, but declined in the Kamakura period (1185–1333) when the power of the court aristocracy became diminished while that of the samurai rose. was played by musicians who belonged to hereditary guilds. During the Kamakura period, military rule was imposed and was rarely performed at court. At this time, there were three guilds, based in Osaka, Nara and Kyoto.
Due to the Ōnin War, a civil war from 1467 to 1477 during the Muromachi period, ensembles ceased to perform in Kyoto for about 100 years. In the Edo period, the Tokugawa shogunate revived and reorganized the court-style ensembles, the direct ancestors of the present ensembles.
After the Meiji Restoration of 1868, musicians from all three guilds came to the capital and their descendants make up most of the current Tokyo Imperial Palace Music Department. By that time, the present ensemble composition had been established, consisting of three wind instruments – , , and (bamboo mouth organ used to provide harmony) – and three percussion instruments – (small drum), (metal percussion), and (drum) or (large drum), supplemented by two string instruments – and .
also accompanies classical dance performances called [[bugaku]]. It may be used in religious ceremonies in some Buddhist temples.
In 1955, the Japanese government recognized and as important National Treasures.
Today, is performed in three ways: "Enjoy gagaku. What kind of music is Gagaku?" Doyusha Video
survives only as .
Contemporary ensembles, such as 伶楽舎, perform contemporary compositions for instruments. This subgenre of contemporary works for instruments, which began in the 1960s, is called reigaku. 20th-century composers such as Tōru Takemitsu have composed works for ensembles, as well as individual instruments. In January 2015 the Reigakusha Ensemble and Ensemble Modern performed together Music with silent aitake's by Belgian composer Frederic D'Haene, making and Western music co-exist.[5] Ravello Records released the CD in 2018.
One of the most important gagaku musicians of the 20th century, Masataro Togi (who served for many years as chief court musician), instructed American composers such as Alan Hovhaness and Richard Teitelbaum in the playing of gagaku instruments.
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