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Frenelopsis is a genus of extinct belonging to the family Cheirolepidiaceae that lived throughout the Cretaceous period ranging from the Berriasian to the Maastrichtian stages, containing a total of 18 species. It is a form classification describing the shoots of the plant, and is accompanied by the genera Circumpolles, Classostrobus, and Alvinia. These represent the pollen, male cones, and female cones respectively. They are likely to have been a major source of lignite in Cretaceous deposits.
The Classostrobus cones of Frenelopsis often are found near the shoots. However, there are some rare cases where they are still attached to the shoot. The male cones can range from being rounded to elliptically shaped. Some species had particularly elongated male cones. They are long and wide. The cone scales are Rhombus with acute to acuminate tips. These cone scales are helically arranged around the cone and grow smaller near the base of the cone. The scales continue past the base of the cone and onto the sterile shoot, growing smaller still. The distal margins share the same marginal hairs as the vegetative leaves.
The Classopollis pollen associated with Frenelopsis is oval shaped when viewed from above. A sub-equatorial, circular furrow can also be viewed from this perspective. This furrow bisects the pollen grain into two unequal sections. While the pollen can exist singly, it is more often found in tetrads.
The large Alvinia cones associated with Frenelopsis consist of helically arranged scales. The female cones are larger at wide. These scales in turn consist of a covering flap and three that together form a funnel-like structure. Inside the funnel is an array of short hairs. Classopollis has been found caught in the hairs, indicating that it may be a proto stigmatic region. Combined with the funnel shape of the scale, it may provide evidence of insect pollination. However, Anemophily is also likely. Each scale contains one to two seeds, which remain within the scale. This is speculated to provide the seeds protection from the elements. It is also speculated that these enclosed seeds were dispersed by the wind. The cones' flattened shape in provides evidence that they consist of soft tissues and are Herbaceous plant in nature. The rarity of complete cones provides also provides evidence that these cones disintegrate shortly after the seeds form. Alvinia is associated to Frenelopsis by the presence of Classopollis spores, which in turn are associated with Classostrobus cones that are at times directly connected to Frenelopsis itself.
Frenelopsis initially had a wide range between the Berriasian and Hauterivian stages of the Cretaceous spanning from the Tethyan Archipelago in Europe to eastern Asia. Between the Barremian and the Aptian stages, the genus underwent a specific radiation across the Tethyan Archipelago while disappearing from Africa. In Asia, the genus becomes restricted to Japan in the form of F. choschiensis. Meanwhile, a F. ramosissima colonized America. Between the Albian and Cenomanian stages, Frenelopsis species diversity decreased, but was still prominent. Many short-lived species cropped up across the Tethyan Archipelago that were endemic to their respective islands. There, however, were also long-lived species. One of which, F. alata, spread across and dominated the archipelago. F. ramosissima still persisted through this time, while F. harrisii appeared in what is now Tajikistan while F. choschiensis has long since gone Extinction. Between the Turonian and Santonian stages, the genus was extirpated outside of the Tethyan Archipelago. A few species periodically appeared and continued to play a major role in the archipelago. Finally, towards the end of the Cretaceous period in the Campanian and Maastrichtian stages, only F. oligostomata of Frenelopsis remained on the Iberoamorican domain, a large island consisting of what is now the Iberian Peninsula and western France. While the species was the last, it still dominated the areas it grew in, existing in large numbers in what would become Portugal and the Pyrenees. The most probable cause of extinction for the genus was the mass sterilization of pollen.
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