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Fremantle (; ) is a port city in Western Australia located at the mouth of the Swan River in the metropolitan area of Perth, the state capital. Fremantle Harbour serves as the port of Perth. The Western Australian vernacular diminutive for Fremantle is Freo.Australians generally favour the pronunciation "FREE-mantle" over its English antecedent "Fre-MAN-tle". However, the stress commonly reverts to the second syllable in phonetic compounds such as 'North Fre-MAN-tle', 'South Fre-MAN-tle', etc. "Freo" is pronounced FREE-oh.
Prior to British settlement, the indigenous Noongar people inhabited the area for millennia, and knew it by the name of Walyalup ("place of the woylie"). "(26/3/2018) Inaugural Woylie Festival starts tomorrow", fremantle.gov.au. Retrieved 5 July 2020. Visited by Dutch explorers in the 1600s, Fremantle was the first area settled by the Swan River colonists in 1829, (2025). 9781921361913, Fremantle Society. ISBN 9781921361913 and is named after Captain Charles Fremantle, an English naval officer who claimed the west coast of New Holland as British territory. (2025). 9780786482887, McFarland. ISBN 9780786482887 The settlement struggled in its first decades, and in 1850, with the advent of penal transportation to the colony, Fremantle became Australia's primary destination for convicts. The convict-built Fremantle Prison operated long after transportation of convicts ended in 1868, and is now a World Heritage Site.
Fremantle was charted as a municipality in 1883, and the following decade its harbour was deepened for commercial shipping, transforming the port into a bustling trade centre and gateway at the height of the Western Australian gold rushes. Declared a city in 1929, Fremantle played a key role in World War II as the largest submarine base in the Southern Hemisphere. Post-war immigration from Europe, particularly Italy, helped shape Fremantle's character, and it rapidly gentrified after hosting the 1987 America's Cup sailing competition. Today, Fremantle is recognised for its well-preserved Victorian and Edwardian streetscapes and convict-era architecture, and is known as a Bohemianism enclave with a thriving arts and culinary scene. It is also the traditional home of the Fremantle Football Club, one of two Australian Football League teams based in Western Australia.
Anglesea Point and the limestone hill area at Arthur Head (where the Round House prison stands) to Point Marquis was called Manjaree, an important meeting place History: Migration to Fremantle at the Western Australian Museum Welcome Walls where bush paths converged and a major trading place for Whadjuk and neighbouring Noongars. Today, Whadjuk and other Noongars continue to gather and meet in Walyalup and at Manjaree.
The area was considered as a site for possible British settlement in 1827, when Captain James Stirling, in , explored the coastal areas near the Swan River. His favourable report was welcomed by the British Government, who had for some time been suspicious of French colonial intentions towards the western portion of Australia. As a result of Stirling's report, Captain Charles Fremantle of , a 603-ton, 28-gun frigate, was instructed to sail to the west coast of Australia to establish a settlement there.Jackson, K. (1984). Fremantle, Western Australia, p. 7
On 2 May 1829, Fremantle hoisted the Union Flag in a bay near what is now known as Arthur Head, and in accordance with his instructions, took formal possession "of the whole of the West Coast of New Holland" in the name of Britain's King George IV.Fremantle-the beginning (1972) In Gateway June 1973, £ol.2, No. 1, p. 12. Western Australia Day (formerly Foundation Day) is observed on the first Monday in June, although it was actually on 2 June 1829 that Captain James Stirling on arrived with Surveyor-General Roe and the first contingent of immigrants to set up the Swan River Colony.Hitchcock, J.K. (1927). Fremantle, 1829–49, found in Early Days, Vol. 1, Part 1, p. 11 The settlement of Perth began on 12 August 1829. Captain Fremantle left the colony on 25 August after providing much assistance to Stirling in setting up the colony. It was then that Stirling decided to name the port settlement Fremantle. (1979). 9780855641467, University of Western Australia Press. ISBN 9780855641467 In early September 1829, the merchant vessel Anglesea grounded at Gage Roadstead, at the mouth of the Swan River. She did not break up, as had been expected, but instead survived to become Western Australia's first prison ship. , which arrived on about 10 October 1829, was "the second passenger ship that sailed for Western Australia."
On 1 June 1850, the first convicts arrived at Fremantle aboard . The thirty-seventh and last convict ship to dock at Fremantle was on 10 January 1868, signalling the end of penal transportation to Australia. Among the 280 convicts on board were 62 Fenian military and political prisoners—members of the Irish Republican Brotherhood—six of whom managed to escape the Convict Establishment in the Catalpa rescue of 1876. The Fenians , FremantlePrison.com.au. Retrieved 9 December 2011. During this period, notorious South Sea pirate Bully Hayes lived in Fremantle with his fiancée Miss Scott, daughter of the Fremantle Harbour Master.Frank Clune. Captain Bully Hayes: Blackbirder and Bigamist. Perth: Hesperian Press, 1997. , p. 11
The wealth generated during this period resulted in the construction of many pubs, hotels, banks, warehouses, import-export businesses and shipping companies throughout Fremantle, and in 1905, the Fremantle tram network opened.
In 1919, a deadly clash between striking waterside workers and police took place at Fremantle Harbour.
Fremantle was considered a "veritable Shangri-La" among submariners during the war, however tensions between transient American and non-American soldiers often led to alcohol-fuelled violence. On 11 April 1944, a brawl between American and New Zealand servicemen at the National Hotel resulted in many injuries and the death from stab wounds of two Māori soldiers. Soldiers' deaths: Coroner's finding The West Australian, 28 June 1944, p.4, at NLA Trove Maoris Tell Vivid Stories Of Fremantle Stabbing Brawl Which Ended In Two Deaths The Mirror, Perth, 1 July 1944, at NLA Trove
The City of Fremantle introduced several urban renewal projects in 2012, encouraging mixed-use development by increasing the maximum building height on key sites in the CBD, including Kings Square and the inner East End. In January 2013, the City of Fremantle became the first council in Australia to outlaw the use of non-degradable plastic bags within their local area.Zaw, Yolanda (31 January 2013). "Freo bans plastic bags", The West Australian. Retrieved 4 February 2013.
Fremantle still serves as the chief general seaport for Western Australia, though far greater tonnages are exported from the iron-ore ports of the Pilbara.
The suburb of Fremantle is bounded by the Swan River to the north and north-west, the Indian Ocean to the west, South Street to the south, and the suburbs of East Fremantle and White Gum Valley to the east. The central part of the suburb extends eastwards to include Royal Fremantle Golf Club and a suburban area south of Marmion Street and west of Carrington Street. The City of Fremantle local government area also includes the suburbs of Beaconsfield, Hilton, North Fremantle, O'Connor, Samson, South Fremantle, and White Gum Valley. East Fremantle has its own town council and is not governed by the City of Fremantle.
Fremantle is the end of the Fremantle railway line which runs from Perth to Fremantle, run by the Western Australia's Public Transport Authority. Major highways including Stirling Highway, Canning Highway and Leach Highway have Fremantle as their start point and/or terminus.
The local government of the City of Fremantle consists of a mayor and council. Hannah Fitzhardinge has been the mayor since the 2021 local government elections.
Fremantle has been represented by some significant Australian political figures. John Curtin served as Prime Minister during the Second World War, and is often described as one of the nation's greatest political leaders. The state's largest university and a major secondary school in Fremantle are named after him, and his statue stands in Kings Square near the Fremantle Town Hall. A long-serving mayor of the town, Sir Frank Gibson (1919–1923 and 1926–1952), was also a Liberal parliamentarian from 1942 to 1956. Gibson, a pharmacist with a shop in High Street, was admired by all sides of politics for his civic leadership and tireless work for the city, especially during the Second World War, when he is said to have visited every ship that called at the port. He was a leading figure in many civic organisations and his stepson, Roger Dunkley, was medical officer with the 2nd/2nd Independent Company during the Timor campaign in the Second World War. Carmen Lawrence, the first female premier of an Australian state, later represented Fremantle in the federal House of Representatives.
Fremantle has seen many industrial conflicts, the most famous of which occurred in 1919 when rioting broke out during the Battle of the Barricades, resulting in one death and many injuries.
On 10 November 2006, Australian state and territory attorney general met in Fremantle to sign the Fremantle Declaration, a restatement and affirmation of legal and human rights principles in Australia.Coorey, Phillip; Dick, Tim (11 November 2006). "Fair trials accord adds to pressure over Hicks", The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 4 June 2011. In 2011, Prime Minister Julia Gillard launched the Commonwealth Youth Forum in Fremantle as part of the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting 2011, held in Perth 28–30 October.Mullany, Ashlee (24 October 2011). "Gillard tells youth to be idealistic", Perth Now. Retrieved 7 November 2011.
The Round House, the oldest remaining intact building in Western Australia, was built as a jail between 1830 and 1831. The Round House had eight cells and a jailer's residence, which all opened up into a central courtyard. In the 1800s, bay whaling was carried out from Bathers Beach below the Round House. As part of the whaling operations, a tunnel was constructed under the Round House to provide whalers with access to the town from the jetty and beach. The Round House is located in what is now known as Fremantle's West End: a collection of streets characterised by late Victorian and Edwardian architecture. A process of gentrification in the early 1990s was accelerated by the establishment of the University of Notre Dame Australia that occupies, and has restored, many of the buildings in the West End.
When the first 75 arrived from Britain in 1850 to support the colony's dwindling population, it became apparent that the Round House was inadequate to house them. The convicts built a new jail, Fremantle Prison, which was completed in the 1850s and continued to be used as Fremantle's prison until 1991. Fremantle Prison was once one of the most notorious prisons in the British Empire. It housed British convicts, local prisoners, military prisoners, enemy aliens and prisoners of war. In 2010, Fremantle Prison was placed on the UNESCO World Heritage List as part of the "Australian Convict Sites", making it the first built environment in Western Australia to be bestowed this honour. Fremantle Prison inscribed on the World Heritage list It continues to be accessible to the public for guided tours and as a venue for artistic and cultural activities. Mission, vision and objectives at Fremantle Prison official site
Other convict-built buildings in Fremantle include the 1850s Fremantle School building and Commissariat Buildings, and the Fremantle Arts Centre, constructed in the 1860s from locally quarried limestone. It is a former lunatic asylum building on Ord Street, and is one of Fremantle's most significant landmarks. Welcome to the Fremantle History Museum WA Museum site, with photographs Today, the imposing Victorian Gothic building and its historic courtyards are used for art exhibitions and music concerts.
The Fremantle Markets opened in 1897, forming a precinct providing handicrafts, specialty foods, dining halls and fish and vegetable markets. The area also hosts buskers and other street performers. The then premier, John Forrest, laid the foundation stone for the markets on Saturday 6 November 1897. Over 150 stalls are housed in the Victorian-era building, which was listed by the National Trust of Australia and the state's Heritage Council in 1980. The Fremantle Markets are adjacent to several other historic buildings, including the Sail and Anchor Hotel (which contains a microbrewery), the Norfolk Hotel, the Warders Cottages, the Fremantle Technical School, Fremantle Synagogue and Scots Presbyterian Church.
Some key historical buildings have been lost to development, while others are only extant thanks to community activism that went against the wishes of developers. For example, the art deco Oriana Cinema on the corner of Queen and High streets was demolished in 1972, after only 34 years of operation. This was done to make way for the widening of High Street, but that project was stopped thanks to the campaigning of the Fremantle Society and other community members, and the buildings along the southern side of High Street were retained. The Fremantle Markets nearly suffered a similar fate in the late 1970s due to another road-widening proposal.
The National Hotel, one of the city's historic buildings, was almost destroyed by fire on the night of Sunday, 11 March 2007. Though the interior was gutted, the façade was saved and the building has since been fully restored with an additional rooftop bar. New life for old National , inmycommunity.com.au. Retrieved 14 May 2011. Development Plans, National Hotel Fremantle. Retrieved 1 September 2012.
As of the 2021 census, Fremantle had an unemployment rate of 5.8%. The city has an above-average proportion of rented dwellings (31.7%, vs 30.6% nationally). 54% of the population had no religion, 19.7% of the population was Catholic, 8.1% Anglican and 7.5% not stated.
The city centre is also home to a major teaching hospital, Fremantle Hospital.
Fremantle's biggest employment sector is health care and social assistance – 17.5% of the city's workers are employed in this area, reflecting the important influence of Fremantle Hospital. The transport, postal and warehousing sector employs 12.6% of the workers, followed by retail, employing 10.2%. The Local Gross Product of Fremantle was $3,677 million in 2011.
Fremantle also has two radio stations: Radio Fremantle on 107.9FM and 91.3 SportFM.
Online reporting and reviews of events and places within Fremantle are comprehensively covered by a group of local designers on their popular blog, known as 'Love Freo', and by a local photographer with his daily updated blog Freo's View.
Fremantle—along with the inner suburbs Northbridge, Leederville and Subiaco—is one of Perth's major nightlife hubs.Ashworth, Susie; Bain, Carolyn; Smitz, Paul. Lonely Planet Australia. Lonely Planet, 2004. , p. 847 It attracts people from all over the metropolitan region for its pubs, bars and nightclubs.
There are several major annual festivals in Fremantle. First held in 1906, the Fremantle Festival is Australia's longest running community festival. International street performers converge for the Fremantle Street Arts Festival, held over the Easter holiday period. The Fremantle Heritage Festival celebrates local history with a variety of events, tours, concerts and workshops.
Fremantle is also home to several galleries and museums. The Western Australian Museum has two branches in Fremantle: the Shipwreck Galleries, housed in convict-constructed commissariat buildings and known for its artefacts from the wrecked Dutch East India Company ship Batavia and other 17th-century Dutch ships; and the Maritime Museum on Victoria Quay, which contains exhibits related to maritime trade and the Indian Ocean. The Army Museum of Western Australia is housed in an historic Fremantle artillery barracks.
Known as a music hub, Fremantle has given rise to many notable musicians, including AC/DC frontman Bon Scott, who grew up in the city and whose gravesite at Fremantle Cemetery has become a cultural landmark.Weber, Mark (17 February 2006). "Bon Scott's grave given heritage listing", PM, Radio National. Retrieved 5 June 2011. A statue of Scott was erected in 2009 at the Fishing Boat Harbour. Bon Scott Greg James Sculpture-Public Art Dom Mariani also grew up in Fremantle, as did James Baker, and in the mid-1970s, fellow punk rock pioneer Kim Salmon resided at the Tarantella Night Club, where he made his first public performances."The Unofficial Kim Salmon Story" (May 1991). Pig Meat, Issue 3. John Butler of the John Butler Trio started his music career busking in Fremantle in the 1990s. Alternative rock and folk groups Little Birdy, The Waifs and Eskimo Joe all have Fremantle connections, and belong to what has been dubbed the 'Freo Sound'.O'Donnell, Mick (13 October 2004). "'Freo Sound' dominates ARIA nominations" , The 7.30 Report. Retrieved 24 May 2011. Other notable Fremantle musicians include bassist Martyn P. Casey,Ferguson, Katherine (6 May 2008). "Mid-aged musos to release first album", eMU News. Retrieved 6 November 2011. psychedelic rock groups Tame Impala and Pond,Griffin, Gil (18 June 2013). "International stars, local legends", Fremantle Football Club. Retrieved 10 June 2014. and indie pop band San Cisco. Songs about Fremantle include the title track of Paul Kelly's 1987 album Under the Sun,Horsburgh, Susan (4 June 2007). "Song lines" , Brisbane Times. Retrieved 26 May 2011. The Waifs' 2004 single "Bridal Train",Brabazon, Tara. Liverpool of the South Seas: Perth and its Popular Music. Perth: UWA Publishing, 2005. , p. 217 and much of Eskimo Joe's 2004 album A Song is a City. Fremantle is home to a number of independent labels, including Redline Records, co-run by Jebediah frontman and Fremantle-native Kevin Mitchell, and Jarrah Records, co-founded by the John Butler Trio and The Waifs. Music festivals held in Fremantle include the West Coast Blues & Roots Festival, the Fremantle Winter Music Festival, Events / Fremantle Winter Music Festival, rtrfm.com.au. Retrieved 26 May 2011. and the St Jerome's Laneway Festival. The Fremantle Eisteddfod, running annually at the Fremantle Town Hall, supports young artists with prizes and concerts.
Fremantle has served as the setting for several films. Windrider (1986) was shot in Fremantle and starred Nicole Kidman. WA Films at the State Library , slwa.wa.gov.au. Retrieved 22 November 2011. In the 2004 film Thunderstruck, four devoted AC/DC fans travel across Australia from Sydney to Fremantle to bury their best friend next to Bon Scott's grave. Shooting for the 2006 film Last Train to Freo took place outside Fremantle railway station, while scenes in the 2010 musical film Bran Nue Dae were shot in Fremantle's West End. Other films shot and/or set in Fremantle include Wind (1992), Teesh and Trude (2003) and Two Fists, One Heart (2008).
The children's television series The Sleepover Club and Streetsmartz were set and shot in Fremantle. Filming locations for "The Sleepover Club", imdb.com. Retrieved 1 June 2011. Filming locations for "Streetsmartz", imdb.com. Retrieved 1 June 2011. In 2006, Fremantle Prison was featured on an episode of the American version of The Amazing Race. Episodes of the BBC World documentary television series Peschardt's People have been filmed in Fremantle, including an episode with Australian actress Toni Collette and another with Fremantle-based English comedian Ben Elton.
Actors from Fremantle include Emma Booth, Ewen Leslie, David Frankflin, Mary Ward and Simon Lyndon. Sam Worthington and Megan Gale attended their first acting classes at John Curtin College of the Arts in Fremantle. In 2009, Fremantle model Tahnee Atkinson won the fifth cycle of Australia's Next Top Model.
Organised Australian rules football was first played in Fremantle in the early 1880s with the Fremantle Football Club, a founding member of the West Australian Football Association in 1885. The club disbanded at the end of the 1886 season after winning its first premiership.Devaney, John. Full Points Footy's WA Football Companion. Full Points Publications, 2008. pp. 104–105. . Founded in 1882, the Fremantle-based Unions Football Club entered WAFA in 1886, attracting many players from the original Fremantle club, and went on to dominate the competition with ten premiership victories. The Unions folded in 1899 and were superseded by East Fremantle (1898–), South Fremantle (1900–), and North Fremantle (1901–1915). The East Fremantle Sharks are by far the most successful club in the West Australian Football League, winning a total of 30 premierships.Townsend, Josh (3 June 2011). "Sharks have most to lose" , The West Australian. Retrieved 8 June 2011. East Fremantle Oval has been the team's home ground since 1953. Today, Fremantle is represented in the Australian Football League by the Fremantle Dockers, who previously trained at the heritage-listed Fremantle Oval, shared with South Fremantle, and play their home matches at Perth Stadium (also known as Optus Stadium) in Burswood. The club's main Western Derby is with the Perth-based West Coast Eagles. In 2013, the Dockers played in (and lost) their first Grand Final. Season by Season Record , fremantlefc.com.au. Retrieved 8 June 2011. The Fremantle women's team has competed in AFL Women's since 2017 and play their home games at Fremantle Oval.
Founded in 1887, the Fremantle District Cricket Club competes in the Western Australian Grade Cricket competition, and plays its home fixtures at Fremantle's Stevens Reserve. The club has produced a number of Test cricket players including Graeme Wood, Brad Hogg, Geoff Marsh and sons Shaun Marsh and Mitchell Marsh. Fremantle is represented in state league soccer by Fremantle City FC who play in the National Premier Leagues Western Australia.
Fremantle is home to five beaches: Bathers Beach, River Beach, South Beach, Leighton Beach and Port Beach. The city's strong afternoon sea breeze, known locally as the Fremantle Doctor, has made its beaches a prime location for Windsurfing and kite surfing. The Fremantle Surf Life Saving Club has been active since the 1930s.Walton, Graham (2001). Fremantle Surf Lifesaving Club History , freosurf.com.au. Retrieved 17 May 2011. Fishing takes place at the many jetties and groynes surrounding Challenger, Success Boat and Fishing Boat harbours, and along Blackwall Reach at the Swan River, which is also used for canoeing, rock climbing and Cliff jumping.Hayes, Joshua (12 May 2006). "Perth's best kept secrets" , 3rd Degree, Edith Cowan University Journal. Retrieved 4 June 2011. A chain of islands listed as A Class lie within 20 km (12 mi) of Fremantle, and are accessible by ferry or private boat. The largest and most well-known island is Rottnest Island, followed by Garden Island and Carnac Island. Each island is home to endemism flora and fauna, and provide opportunities for water-based activities such as sunbathing, surfing, snorkelling and scuba diving. Fremantle Tours: Fremantle Waters , escapadecharters.com.au. Retrieved 18 June 2011.
The city is the western terminus of the direct, electrified passenger railway service from the Perth CBD, served by Fremantle railway station. The original station was built in 1881, with the current heritage-listed building dating from 1907. Fremantle was the starting point of railways in the metropolitan area of Perth, the Fremantle railway line being the starting point of the first railway in 1881 to Guildford.
Major highways, the Stirling Highway, Canning Highway and Leach Highway connect Fremantle to the Perth CBD.
Passenger ferries operate from the port, travelling to Rottnest Island, 22 kilometres off of the coast in the Indian Ocean, and upriver to Perth city centre. Fremantle's free Central Area Transit (CAT) bus services are popular and practical ways to get around, with one service (Blue CAT) linking key points in the city and to Fremantle's inner suburbs. But ceased operations in October 2023
As a tertiary teaching hospital, Fremantle Hospital provides almost all specialty services on site and clinical services are backed by an extensive teaching program. As well as routine departmental and hospital-wide teaching, formal postgraduate courses are offered. Emergency nursing, critical care nursing, perioperative nursing and infection control courses are held regularly and a postgraduate weekend for general practitioners is held every October.
Fremantle also has friendship-city relationships with three cities:
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