Firth is a word in the English language and Scots language languages used to denote various coastal waters in the United Kingdom, predominantly within Scotland. In the Northern Isles, it more often refers to a smaller inlet. It is linguistically cognate to Scandinavian fjord and fjard (all from Proto-Germanic * ferþuz), with the original meaning of "sailable waterway". The word has a more constrained sense in English. Bodies of water named "firths" tend to be more common on the Scottish east coast, or in the southwest of the country, although the Firth of Clyde is an exception to this. The Highland coast contains numerous estuaries, straits, and inlets of a similar kind, but not called "firth" (e.g. the Minch and Loch Torridon); instead, these are often called loch. Before about 1850, the spelling "Frith" was more common.
A firth is generally the result of ice age glacier and is very often associated with a large river, where erosion caused by the tidal effects of incoming sea water passing upriver has widened the riverbed into an estuary. Demarcation can be rather vague. The Firth of Clyde is sometimes thought to include the estuary as far upriver as Dumbarton, but the Ordnance Survey map shows the change from river to firth occurring off Port Glasgow. In navigation terms, the dredged River Clyde Channel for shipping meets the Firth of Clyde Channel at the Tail of the Bank, where the river crosses a sandbar off Greenock as the estuary widens at the junction to the Gare Loch. Locally, the river can be described as extending even further west to Gourock point.
However, some firths are exceptions. The Cromarty Firth on the east coast of Scotland, for example, resembles a large loch with only a relatively small outlet to the sea and the Solway Firth and the Moray Firth are more like extremely large bays. The Pentland Firth is a strait rather than a bay or an inlet.
Scottish firths
Firths on the west coast of Scotland (from north to south)
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Firth of Lorn (connects with the Moray Firth via the Great Glen lochs and Caledonian Canal)
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Firth of Clyde (continuing from the River Clyde estuary)
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Loch adjoining the Firth of Clyde: Gare Loch, Loch Long, Holy Loch, Loch Striven, Loch Riddon off the Kyles of Bute, Loch Fyne and Campbeltown Loch.
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Places: Helensburgh, Port Glasgow, Greenock, Gourock, Dunoon, Rothesay, Wemyss Bay, Largs, Brodick, Ardrossan, Troon, Ayr, Girvan and Campbeltown. Note that Glasgow is at the tidal limit of the River Clyde, and Clydebank, the Erskine Bridge and Dumbarton are on the river estuary as it widens out towards Port Glasgow.
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Islands: Bute, Great Cumbrae, Arran
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:In Scottish Gaelic, the Firth of Clyde is treated as two bodies, with the landward end being called Linne Chluaidh (; meaning the same as the English), while the area around the south of Arran, Kintyre and Ayrshire/Galloway is An Linne Ghlas .
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Solway Firth (inlet with the rivers Eden, Esk and River Nith).
Firths on the east coast of Scotland (from north to south)
These are connected to, or form part of, the
North Sea.
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Dornoch Firth (northernmost of the eastern firths)
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Cromarty Firth (loch-type firth with relatively narrow opening to the sea). The Firth runs out into the Moray Firth.
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Moray Firth and Beauly Firth (a loch-type firth) connected with the Firth of Inverness. The Firth of Inverness is rarely identified on modern maps, but forms a connection via the River Ness, Loch Ness and the other of the Great Glen and stretches of the Caledonian Canal with the Firth of Lorne on the west coast of Scotland.
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Firth of Tay (estuary of the River Tay).
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Firth of Forth (estuary of the River Forth)
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Places: Edinburgh, Dunfermline, Kirkcaldy, Grangemouth, Rosyth, North Queensferry, South Queensferry, Musselburgh, Crail, Cellardyke, Anstruther, Pittenweem, St Monans, Elie, Earlsferry, Longniddry, Aberlady, Gullane, Dirleton, North Berwick. It is spanned by the Queensferry Crossing, long; the Forth Road Bridge, long; and the Forth Bridge, long.
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Rivers: River Forth, River Avon, Water of Leith, River Almond, River Esk, River Leven
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Islands: Bass Rock, Craigleith, Eyebroughy, Fidra, Inchcolm, Inchgarvie, Inchkeith, Inchmickery, Isle of May, Lamb
Firths on the north coast of Scotland
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The Pentland Firth. This is a strait between the Scottish mainland and the Orkney Islands, and forms a link between the Atlantic Ocean and North Sea.
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Places: John o' Groats, Canisbay, Gills Bay, Rattar (all Caithness)
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Headlands: Brims Ness, Brough Ness, Duncansby Head, Dunnet Head
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Islands: Hoy, Pentland Skerries, Swona, South Ronaldsay, South Walls (all generally considered to be part of Orkney); Stroma
Firths in the Northern Isles
The Northern Isles were part of Norway until the 15th century, and retain many Norse names. In Shetland in particular, "firth" can refer to smaller inlets, although
geo,
voe and
wick are as common. In Orkney, "wick" is common.
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Orkney Islands
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Shetland Islands (Mainland)
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Lax Firth (Laxfirth) & Cat Firth near Nesting & Whiteness
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Collafirth/Colla Firth (two places of this name)
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Firths Voe, Firth
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Gon Firth
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Olna Firth
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Olnes Firth
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Quey Firth
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Unie Firth
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Ura Firth
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Burra Firth/Burrafirth (a number of Shetland places with this name)
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Effirth
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Shetland North Isles: Yell, Unst
Other similar waters in Scotland
In the Scottish Gaelic language,
linne is used to refer to most of the firths above; it is also applied to the Sound of Sleat,
Crowlin Sound,
Cuillin Sound, Sound of Jura, Sound of Raasay, and part of
Loch Linnhe.
The following is a selection of other bodies of water in Scotland which are similar to various firths, but which are not termed such –
Likewise, in the Northern Isles, the words "firth" and "sound" are often used arbitrarily or interchangeably. Bluemull Sound for example, is very similar to some of the firths in the Shetland Islands.
English firths
Firths outside Britain
See also
External links
