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Fierabras (from French: fier à bras, "brave/formidable arm") or Ferumbras is a fictional Saracen knight (sometimes of gigantic stature) appearing in several chansons de geste and other material relating to the Matter of France. He is the son of Balan, king of Al-Andalus, and is frequently shown in conflict with Roland and the paladin, especially Oliver, whose prowess he almost rivals. Fierabras eventually converts to Christianity and fights for Charlemagne.
Once defeated, the giant decides to convert to Christianity and joins Charlemagne's army, but Olivier and several other knights are captured. Floripas, Fierabras' sister, falls in love with one of Charlemagne's knights, Gui de Bourgogne. After a series of adventures, Charlemagne kills king Balan, divides Spain between Fierabras and Gui de Bourgogne (who marries Floripas), and returns to Saint Denis with the holy relics.
The poem also survives in an Occitan language version dating from the 13th century (roughly 5,000 alexandrines; the first 600 verses do not appear in the Old French version). The Occitan and the Old French version may derive from a common lost source.Gerritsen. This version in turn inspired an Italian version ( Cantare di Fierabraccia e Ulivieri) in the second half of the 14th century.
Two English versions were made: Sir Ferumbras (late 14th or early 15th century) and Firumbras (fragmentary). A 15th-century English work, Sowdon of Babylon, combined the story with another work (the Destruction de Rome).Miquet, 18.
The story was put into prose three times in the 14th and 15th centuries:
In Spain the story can be found in the Historia del emperador Carlomagno y de los doce pares de Francia by Nicolás of Piemonte first edited in 1521. This is a Castilian translation—or better, an adaptation—of Bagnyon's La Conqueste du grand roy Charlemagne. Miguel de Cervantes refers to Fierabras in his Don Quixote (see below).
There also exist other versions of the legend, including one in Early Modern Irish ( Stair Fortibrais).
The 17th-century playwright Calderón de la Barca used elements of the story (the love affair of Floripas and Gui) for his play La Puente de Mantible.
In 1823, Franz Schubert wrote the opera Fierrabras, based on certain tales surrounding the knight's conversion.
The composition of the 12th-century poem may be closely linked to the cult of relics at the Basilica of St Denis in Paris and the creation of the local festival of Lendit,Miquet, 17. as the narrator in the Old French poem addresses himself to visitors at this fair.Hasenohr
Another view is that the Legend is based on the character of the Navarrese prince, Fortun "the Basque" Al-Graseiz or El-Akraz, as seen by the Arab chroniclers and perhaps known as such by Shakespeare to bring it over to his exotic character Fortinbras.
This is the tale that Robert the Bruce, King of Scots, is said by Barbour to have related to his men after they fled their enemies across Loch Lomond in 1307.Barbour.
In Chapter X of the first volume of Miguel de Cervantes' Don Quixote, after one of his numerous beatings, Don Quixote mentions to Sancho Panza that he knows the recipe of the balm. In Chapter XVII, Don Quixote instructs Sancho that the ingredients are oil, wine, salt and rosemary. The knight boils them and blesses them with eighty , and as many Hail Mary, Salve Regina and .Cervantes, 128. Upon drinking it, Don Quixote vomits and sweats and feels healed after sleeping. For Sancho it has also a laxative effect, rendering him near death. The ingredients, gestures and signs used by the knight fashion what is called an ensalmo, "a potion and prayer used to cure the sick in a way that was forbidden by the church." Indeed, it was used most frequently by moriscos. Frederick A. de Armas, Don Quixote Among the Saracens. A Clash of Civilizations and Literary Genres. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2011, p. 83.
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