Docufiction (or docu-fiction) is the cinematographic combination of documentary film and fiction, this term often meaning narrative film. It is a film genre[ An Introduction to Genre Theory by Daniel Chandler at Aberystwyth University] which attempts to capture reality such as it is (as direct cinema or cinéma vérité) and which simultaneously introduces unreal elements or fictional situations in narrative in order to strengthen the representation of reality using some kind of artistic expression.[ A creative treatment of actuality – article by Peter Biesterfeld at Videomaker, 08/07/2015]
More precisely, it is a documentary mixed with fictional elements,[ Il difficile rapporto tra fiction e non fiction che si concretizza nella docu-fiction (The difficult relationship between fiction and non-fiction patent in docufiction) – thesis in Italian by Laura Marchesi, Faculty of Communication Sciences (Università degli Studi di Pavia) at Tesionline, 2005/06] in real time, filmed when the events take place, and in which the protagonist or characters—often portrayed by non-professional or amateur actors—are essentially playing themselves, or slightly fictionalized versions of themselves, in a fictionalized scenario. In this sense, docufiction may overlap to an extent with some aspects of the mockumentary format, but the terms are not synonymous.
A film genre in expansion, it is adopted by a number of experimental filmmakers.
The neologism docufiction[What is docufiction? – See Section II, pages 37 to 75 (four chapters) of the thesis by Prof. Theo Mäusli] appeared at the beginning of the 21st century. It is now commonly used in several languages and widely accepted for classification by international film festivals.[Indie Matra Bhumi ( The Motherland) – Cannes Film Festival][ Ablel Ferrara’s docufiction – Venice Film Festival][ at Tribeca Film Festival][ Brian De Palma's On His Iraq Docu-Fiction Comeback at The Huffington Post – Toronto International Film Festival and Venice Film Festival][Dariush Mehrjui – Venice Film Festival][ New Film Events – London Short Film Festival][ Oscilloscope 'Howl' for Off Beat Docu-Fiction Sundance Selection at Ion Cinema][ Docufiction at several film festivals][See: Hybrids (fiction/nonfiction films) at External links]
Origins
The term involves a way of making films already practiced by such authors as Robert J. Flaherty, one of the fathers of documentary,
[ Definition of documentary – New Frontiers in American documentary (American Studies at The University of Virginia)][ The Impulse of Documentary-Fiction – Paper at Transart Institute ] and
Jean Rouch, later in the 20th century.
Being both fiction and documentary,[ (NON)FICTION AND THE VIEWER: RE-INTERPRETING THE DOCUMENTARY FILM – Paper by Tammy Stone, Avila University] docufiction is a Cross-genre,[See hybrid genre – page 50, thesis on docufiction by Prof. Theo Mäusli] raising ethical problems[ Open-ended Realities – article by Luciana Lang at Latineos][ The appeal of hybrid documentary forms in West Africa at Project Muse][ Ethics and Documentary Filmmaking – Article by Marty Lucas at Center for Social Media (American University in Washington, D.C.)][ On Ethics and Documentary: A Real and Actual Truth – Article by Garnet C. Butchart at Cultural Studies Program, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada, published University of South Florida][ What to Do About Documentary Distortion? Toward a Code of Ethics – Article by Bill Nichols at Documentary.org][ Documentary Film Prompts-Ethics in Documentary/Fiction vs. Documentary – Paper by Ardavon Naimi at University of Texas at Dallas][ Ethics and Filmmaking in Developing Countries at Unite For Sight] concerning truth, since reality may be manipulated and confused with fiction (see Ethics at creative non-fiction).
In the domain of visual anthropology, the innovating role of Jean Rouch[ Jean Rouch 1917-2004, A Valediction – Article by Michael Eaton at Rouge] allows one to consider him as the father of a subgenre called ethnofiction.[ Glossary at MAITRES_FOUS.NET][Jean Rouch and the Genesis of Ethnofiction, thesis by Brian Quist, Long Island University] This term means: ethnographic documentary film with natives who play fictional roles. Making them play a role about themselves will help portray reality, which["Ethnofiction: drama as a creative research practice in ethnographic film." Journal of Media Practice 9, no. 3(2008), eScholarID:1b5648, article by Johannes Sjöberg] will be reinforced with imagery. A non-ethnographic documentary with fictional elements uses the same method and, for the same reasons, may be called docufiction.
Docudrama and mockumentary
In contrast,
docudrama is usually a dramatized recreation of factual events in form of a documentary, at a time subsequent to the "real" events it portrays.
[See Docudrama: the real (his)tory Confusion of genres – Page 2 on the thesis by Çiçek Coşkun (New York University School of Education)] While
docudrama can be confused with
docufiction, "docudrama" refers specifically to film or other television recreations that dramatize certain events, often with actors.
A mockumentary is also a film or television show in which fictitious events are presented in documentary format, sometimes a recreation of factual events after they took place or a comment on News, typically satirical, comedic or even dramatic.[A television programme or film which takes the form of a serious documentary in order to satirize its subject. – definition at The Free Dictionary and Dictionary.com] Whereas mockumentaries are usually fully scripted comedies or dramas that merely adopt some aspects of documentary format as a framing device, docufictions are usually not scripted, instead placing the participants in a fictionalized scenario while portraying their own genuine reactions and their own dialogue and character development.
First docufictions by country
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1926: United States – Moana
[ Why 'Moana,' the First Docufiction in History, Deserves a New Life – article by Laya Maheshwari at Indiewire, July 3, 2014] by Robert J. Flaherty[Note, however, that Flaherty's earlier film, Nanook of the North from 1922, incorporates many docufiction elements, including the "casting" of locals into fictitious "roles" and family relationships, as well as anachronistic hunting scenes]
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1930: Portugal – Maria do Mar by José Leitão de Barros
[ Maria do Mar at IMdb]
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1930: Germany - People on Sunday by Robert Siodmak and Edgar G. Ulmer
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1932: France – by Jean Epstein
[ L'Or des mers at IMdb]
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1948: Italy – La Terra Trema by Luchino Visconti
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1952: Japan – Children of Hiroshima by Kaneto Shindo
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1963: Canada – Pour la suite du monde ( Of Whales, the Moon and Men) by Pierre Perrault and Michel Brault
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1981: Morocco – Trances by Ahmed El Maânouni
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1988: Guiné-Bissau – Mortu Nega (Death denied) by Flora Gomes
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1990: Iran – Close-up by Abbas Kiarostami
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1991: Finland – Zombie and the Ghost Train by Mika Kaurismäki
[ Zombie and the Ghost Train (1991)Review/Film Festival; How a Zombie Became One With Alcohol and Self-Pity]
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2002: Brazil – City of God by Fernando Meirelles and Kátia Lund
[ Boys Soldiering in an Army of Crime – article by Stephen Holden, NY Times, January 17, 2003]
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2005: Iraq – Underexposure by Oday Rasheed
[ How the Arab Spring Changed the Arab Screen and Why You Need to Start Paying Attention – review by Ronan Doyle, November 5, 2013][ Trying to find beauty in the darkness of Iraq review by Salar Jaff and Ned Parker at Los Angeles Times, June 23, 2011]
Other notable examples
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1927: by Merian C. Cooper and Ernest B. Schoedsack (US)
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1931: Tabu by Robert Flaherty and F.W. Murnau (US)
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1934: Man of Aran by Robert Flaherty (US)
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1942: Ala-Arriba! by Leitão de Barros (Portugal)
[ Ala-Arriba! at IMDb]
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1948: Louisiana Story by Robert Flaherty (US)
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1956: On the Bowery by Lionel Rogosin (US)
[ Out of the Bowery’s Shadows (Then Back In) – article by Dave Kehr, February 24, 2012][ One drink over the line – article by J.R. Jones at the Chicago Reader, February 16, 2012]
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1958: ''Walt Disney's White Wilderness by James Algar (US)
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1958: Moi, un noir (Me, A Black Man) by Jean Rouch (France)
[ The Film Is the Search: J. Hoberman on Jean Rouch's Moi, Un Noir – article by J. Hoberman, Artforum International, November 2015]
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1959 (The Motherland)
[ India: Matri Bhumi – Article by Doug Cummings at Filmjourney (March 18th, 2007)][ Digitally cleaned 'India, Matri Bhumi' screened at Vienna film festival – Article at IBN Live] by Roberto Rossellini, released 2007 (Italy)
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1959: Come Back, Africa by Lionel Rogosin (US)
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1961: La pyramide humaine by Jean Rouch (The Human Pyramid)
[ The Human Pyramid at IMdb.] (France)
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1962: Rite of Spring by Manoel de Oliveira
[See Acto da Primavera] (Portugal)
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1964: Belarmino by Fernando Lopes (Portugal)
[ Belarmino – reference note at Letterbox]
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1967: David Holzman's Diary by Jim McBride (US)
[ David Holzman's Diary – review by Jaime N. Christley at Slant Magazine, June 13, 2011]
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1970: The Clowns by Federico Fellini (Italy)
[ I clowns: Fellini's Mockumentary – article at The Artifice][ Revue by Jamie Havlin at Louder than War][ Frames from scenes at MMM]
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1973: Trevico-Torino (viaggio nel Fiat-Nam) by Ettore Scola (Italy)
[ Trevico-Torino (viaggio nel Fiat-Nam at IMdb]
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1974: Orders (Les Ordres), by Michel Brault (Canada)
[ Despite success of Les Ordres, filmmaker Michel Brault preferred fact to fiction – article by Robert Everett-Green at The Globe and Mail, April 14, 2017]
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1974: Montreal Main, by (Canada)
[ Lives more interesting than movies – article by Don Shewey, Soho News, June 18, 1980]
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1976: Trás-os-Montes (Portugal)
[ Trás-os-Montes at Harvard Film Archive by António Reis and Margarida Cordeiro][ António Reis and Margarida Cordeiro at UCLA]
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1982: Ana by António Reis and Margarida Cordeiro (Portugal)
[ Rep Pick: Ana – Review by Aaron Cutler at The L Magazine]
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1982: After the Axe, by Sturla Gunnarsson (Canada)
[ After the Axe at IMDb][ After the Axe – reference note with film online by Sturla Gunnarsson, National Film Board of Canada]
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1984: The Masculine Mystique by Giles Walker and John N. Smith (Canada)
[ The Masculine Mystique - reference note with film online by John N. Smith and Giles Walker, National Film Board of Canada]
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1985: 90 Days by Giles Walker (Canada)
[ Screen: '90 Days,' Canadian comedy – review by Janet Maslin, NY Times, 1986]
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1986: Sitting in Limbo by John N. Smith (Canada)
[ Sitting in Limbo – reference note with film at Reel Canada]
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1987: The Last Straw by Giles Walker (Canada)
[ Gwynne Dyer: A shortage of sperm – commentary by Gwynne Dyer, December 2012]
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1987: Train of Dreams by John N. Smith (Canada)
[ Train of Dreams – reference note at ONF][ Train of Dreams at the IMDb]
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1989: Welcome to Canada by John N. Smith (Canada)
[ Welcome to Canada – reference note by John N. Smith at ONF with film online]
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1990: The Company of Strangers by Cynthia Scott (Canada)
[ The Company of Strangers – reference note at ONF with film for download]
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1991: And Life Goes On by Abbas Kiarostami (Iran)
[ Life, and Nothing More – review by Tina Hassannia at Inreviewonline, September 5, 2011]
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2000: In Vanda's Room by Pedro Costa (Portugal)
[ On the Knife’s Edge: Pedro Costa’s In Vanda’s Room – review by Travis Hoover at Slant Magazine, July 5, 2007][ In Vanda's Room – review by Richard Brody at The New Yorker]
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2001: Tutto in un Giorno by Giorgio J. Squarcia (Italy)
.”
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2002: Ten by Abbas Kiarostami (Iran)
[ Ten – review by Roger Ebert, April 11, 2003][ Ten – review by Peter Bradshaw, The Guardian, 27 Sep 2002][ Ten – review by Rolando Caputo at Senses of Cinema, December 2003]
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2006: Colossal Youth by Pedro Costa (Portugal)
[ Life, Assembled One Room at a Time review by Manohla Dargis, NY Times, August 3, 2007][ Colossal Youth is a colossal confusion – review by Samuel Wigley, April 29, 2008]
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2007: Criminals Gone Wild by Ousala Aleem (US)
[ Criminals Gone Wild review by Logan Hill, NY Magazine, January 7, 2008][ Crime Porn (With Simulated Action) – review by [119], January 7, 2008]
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2008: Our Beloved Month of August by Miguel Gomes (Portugal)
[ Our Beloved Month of August – review by Peter Bradshaw at The Guardian, January 28, 2018][ film/review/our-beloved-month-of-august Our Beloved Month of August – review by Glenn Heath Jr. at Slant Magazine, September 7, 2010]
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2009: Carcasses by Denis Côté (Canada)
["A meditation on what it means to be marginal". Montreal Gazette, May 29, 2009.]
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2009: The Mouth of the Wolf by Pietro Marcello (Italy)
[ A Study of Time, Love and Decay in Genoa – review by Stephen Holden, August 3, 2011][ The Wolf's Mouth – review by Neil Young at The Hollywood Reporter, October 14, 2010]
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2013: Closed Curtain by Jafar Panahi and Kambuzia Partovi (Iran)
[ Closed Curtain review – Iranian auteur confronts depression and creativity – review by Mark Kermode, The Guardian, September 6, 2015][ ‘Closed Curtain’ Directed8 by Jafar Panahi And Kambuzia Partovi – review by Christopher Bell at IndieWire, July 10, 2014]
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2015: Taxi by Jafar Panahi (Iran)
[ Jafar Panahi’s Remarkable “Taxi” – review by Richard Brody, New Yorker, October 13, 2015]
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2016: Tuktuq by Robin Aubert (Canada)
[ "Tuktuq – Film de Robin Aubert". Films du Québec, March 2, 2017]
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2018: Mad Dog Labine by Jonathan Beaulieu-Cyr and Renaud Lessard (Canada)
[ "«Mad Dog Labine»: irrésistiblement «rough»". Le Devoir, April 6, 2019]
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2019: by Martin Scorsese (US)
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2023: by Daniel Bowhers (US)
See also
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Cinéma vérité
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Docudrama – a dramatized documentary
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Ethnofiction
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Mockumentary – a parodical or humoristic fictional documentary
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Pseudo-documentary – a fake documentary, often presented as real
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Scripted reality – a subgenre of reality television, in which parts of the contents are fictional and scripted
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Visual anthropology
Sources and bibliography
THESES online
ARTICLES and ESSAYS
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Shaping the Real: Directorial imagination and the visualisation of evidence in the hybrid documentary – article by Janet Merewether at Scan, Media Department at Macquarie University, Sydney
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Docufiction: Where Art and Life Merge and Diverge– Article by Julie Drizin at Makers Quest 2.0
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New Media Documentary – Paper by Gunthar Hartwig
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Docudrama: the real (his)tory
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Panel: At The Edge of Truth: Hybrid Documentaries at Vox Talk magazine
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The dual phase oscillation hypothesis and the neuropsychology of docu-fiction film – article by Dyutiman Mukhopadhyay, Consciousness, Literature and the Arts, vol. 16, no. 1, April 2015
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A creative treatment of actuality – paper by Peter Biesterfeld at Videomaker, August 7, 2015
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The art paradox – article by Bert Oliver at Thought Leader, September 17, 2012
CITATIONS
External links