A crypt () is a stone chamber beneath the floor of a church, above ground within a cemetery’s mausoleum or a free-standing outdoor memorial tomb. It typically contains , Sarcophagus, or Relic and sometimes cremation .
Originally, crypts were typically found below the main apse of a church, such as at the Abbey of Saint-Germain en Auxerre, but were later located beneath chancel, and as well. Occasionally churches were raised high to accommodate a crypt at the ground level, such as St Michael's Church in Hildesheim, Germany.
Etymology
The word "crypt" developed as an alternative form of the
Latin "vault" as it was carried over into
Late Latin, and came to refer to the ritual rooms found underneath church buildings. It also served as a
Bank vault for storing important and/or sacred items.
The word "crypta", however, is also the female form of crypto "hidden". The earliest known origin of both is in the Ancient Greek , the first person singular indicative of the verb "to conceal, to hide".
Development
First known in the early Christian period, in particular North Africa at
Chlef and
Djemila in
Algeria, and
Byzantium at Saint John Studio in
Constantinople where Christian churches have been built over
Mithraeum, the mithraeum has often been adapted to serve as a crypt.
The famous crypt at Old St. Peter's Basilica, Rome, developed about the year 600, as a means of affording a view of Saint Peter's tomb, which lay according to the Roman fashion, directly below the high altar. The tomb was made accessible through an underground passageway beneath the sanctuary from where pilgrims could enter at one stair, pass by the tomb and exit without interrupting the clerical community's service at the altar directly above.[Apollonj Ghetti, et al. eds. Esplorazioni sotto la confessione di San Pietro. Eseguite negli anni 1940-1949 (Città del Vaticano, 1951) 1:173-93, noted in Werner Jacobsen, "Saints' Tombs in Frankish Church Architecture" Speculum 72.4 (October 1997:1107-1143) p. 1134 note 70.]
The Visigoths crypt (the Crypt of San Antolín) in Palencia Cathedral (Spain), was built during the reign of Wamba to preserve the remains of the martyr Saint Antoninus of Pamiers, a Visigothic-Gallic nobleman brought from Narbonne to Visigothic Hispania in 672 or 673 by Wamba himself. These are the only remains of the Visigothic cathedral of Palencia.
Crypts were introduced into Franks church building in the mid-8th century, as a feature of its Romanization. Their popularity then spread more widely in western Europe under Charlemagne. Examples from this period are most common in the early medieval West, for example in Burgundy at Dijon and Tournus.
After the 10th century, the early medieval requirements of a crypt faded, as church officials permitted relics to be held in the main level of the church. By the Gothic period crypts were rarely built, however burial vaults continued to be constructed beneath churches and referred to as crypts.
Burial vaults
In more modern terms, a crypt is most often a stone chambered burial vault used to store the deceased. Placing a corpse into a crypt can be called
immurement, and is a method of final disposition, as an alternative to, for example,
cremation. Crypts are usually found in
cemetery and under public religious buildings, such as churches or
, but are also occasionally found beneath
or
on personal estates. Wealthy or prestigious families will often have a 'family crypt' or 'vault,' in which all members of the family are interred. Many
royal family, for example, have vast crypts containing the bodies of dozens of former royalty. In some localities, an above-ground crypt is more commonly called a "mausoleum", which also refers to any elaborate building intended as a burial place, for any number of
people. In the case of cremation, urns would be entombed in
/ref>
There was a trend in the 19th century of building crypts on medium to large size family estates, usually subtly placed on the edge of the grounds or more commonly incorporated into the cellar. After a change of owner, these are often blocked up and the house deeds will not allow this area to be re-developed .
Gallery
Image:Canterbury Cathedral Crypt.jpg|Crypt of Canterbury Cathedral, England
Image:Worcester cathedral 031.JPG|Crypt of Worcester Cathedral, England
Image:Rolduc Krypta.jpg|Crypt of Rolduc, Kerkrade Netherlands
Image:Gent, Sint-Baafskathedraal crypte B STB 149.jpg|Crypt of St Bavo's Cathedral, Ghent, Belgium
Image:Inside the Helsinki Lutheran Cathedral.jpg|Crypt of Helsinki Cathedral, Finland
Image:Notre Dame de Bayeux couloirs.jpg|Crypt of Bayeux Cathedral, France
Image:Crypte de St Sernin Toulouse.jpg|Crypt Saint-Sernin Basilica Toulouse
Image:Zürich - Wasserkirche - Märtyrerstein - Krypta IMG 1189.jpg|Wasserkirche, Zürich, with 'Martyr stone' of Felix and Regula
Image:St.Matthias Trier Sarkophage in der Krypta.jpg|St. Matthias' Abbey, Trier, Germany
Image:Dresden-Hofkirche-Gruft.jpg|Wettin crypt in Katholische Hofkirche, Dresden
Image:BerlinerDomFotoThalerTamas4.jpg|Hohenzollern crypt in Berlin Cathedral, Germany
Image:Bernadotte Family crypt Riddarholm Church 2013 Stockholm.jpg|Crypt of Sweden royal dynasty (Bernadotte)
Image:Kripta spomen Hram svetog Save 1.JPG|Crypt of Church of Saint Sava, Serbia
Image: Olhares sobre o Museu do Ipiranga 2017 041.jpg|The Imperial Crypt and Chapel in the Monument to the Independence of Brazil, São Paulo
Image: Cripta_SF.jpg|Crypt of Sagrada Familia, Barcelona, Spain
See also
External links
-
This contains a description of various specific crypts in Europe.
