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Gaius Cornelius Gallus (c. 70 – 26 BC) was a Roman poet, orator, politician and military commander, at one time appointed by the Emperor Augustus as prefect of Egypt. Only nine lines of his poetry are extant today, but he was much read in antiquity; Ovid considered him one of the major Latin poets of his age.
It has been also suggested that "Foroiuliensis" could refer not to Gallus' birthplace, but rather to the place where he performed a memorable act, namely the erection of the Vatican obelisk in the Forum Iulium of Alexandria, thus making some generic mentions of Gallia as the sole possible clue about his place of origin.
In political life Gallus espoused the cause of Octavian and as a reward for his services was made prefect of Egypt (Suetonius, Augustus, 66). In 30 BC, Cornelius Gallus led a campaign to subdue a revolt in Thebes. He erected a monument in Philae to glorify his accomplishments.Hoffmann, Friedhelm; Minas-Nerpel, Martina; Pfeiffer, Stefan (2009). Die dreisprachige Stele des C. Cornelius Gallus. Archiv für Papyrusforschung, Beiheft 9. Berlin/ New York: De Gruyter. Gallus' conduct brought him into disgrace with the emperor and a new prefect was appointed. After his recall, Gallus committed suicide (Cassius Dio, liii 23).
Gallus et Hesperiīs et Gallus nōtus Eōīs;
et sua cum Gallō nōta Lycōris erit.Ovid, Amores 1.15.29–30.
"Gallus shall be known in the West and in the East;
and with Gallus his Lycoris shall also be known."
He wrote four books of elegies chiefly on his mistress Lycoris (a poetical name for Cytheris, a notorious actress), in which he took for his model Euphorion of Chalcis; he also translated some of this author's works into Latin. He is often thought of as a key figure in the establishment of the genre of Latin love-elegy, and an inspiration for Propertius, Tibullus, and Ovid.
Scholars used to believe, in the absence of any surviving poetry by Gallus and on the basis of his high reputation among his contemporaries, that his poetical gifts were little short of those of Virgil. The classicist Tenney Frank famously declared in 1922: 'What would we not barter of all the sesquipedalian epics of empire for a few pages of Cornelius Gallus, a thousand for each!'T. Frank, Vergil: A Biography (1922) The discoveries at Qasr Ibrim have now given us nine lines of Gallus. Coincidentally, one of them mentions Lycoris, ('saddened, Lycoris, by your wanton behaviour'), confirming their authorship.
ūnō tellūrēs dīvidit amne duās,
"with its single stream it divides two continents,"
, in 1978 a papyrus was found at Qasr Ibrim, in Egyptian Nubia, containing nine lines by Gallus, arguably the oldest surviving manuscript of Latin poetry.R.D. Anderson, P.J. Parsons, & R.G.M. Nisbet, "Elegiacs by Gallus from Qasr Ibrim", Journal of Roman Studies 69 (1979) p. 128.
The first readable line of the manuscript has only four words and appears to be the end of a poem or epigram complaining about Lycoris's treatment of her lover:Merriam, C. U. (1990). "The New Gallus Revisited". Latomus, T. 49, Fasc. 2 (AVRIL-JUIN 1990), pp. 443–452; see page 446.
trīstia nēquitiā ... Lycori, tuā
"sad because of your bad behaviour, Lycoris".
It has been arguedR.D. Anderson, P.J. Parsons, & R.G.M. Nisbet, "Elegiacs by Gallus from Qasr Ibrim", Journal of Roman Studies 69 (1979) pp. 151–2. that the next four lines pay homage to Julius Caesar shortly before his assassination in 44 BC, on the eve of his projected campaign against the Parthians:
Fāta mihi, Caesar, tum erunt mea dulcia, quom tū
maxima Rōmānae pars eris historiae
postque tuum reditum multōrum templa deōrum
fīxa legam spolieis deivitiōra tueis.
"I will count myself blessed by fortune, Caesar, when you
become the greatest part of Roman history;
and when, after your return, I admire the temples of many gods
adorned and enriched with your spoils."
This obsequious compliment need not be taken seriously. Later Augustan poets tended to distance themselves from the world of high politics and often drew a humorous contrast between the martial ambition of their ruler and their own ignoble love affairs. The next, missing, stanza may have subverted the sense, e.g. 'As it is, while you're off winning renown by conquering Parthia, I'm stuck here in Rome, with nothing to do but make love to Lycoris.'
A second, incomplete, block of four lines appears to refer to Lycoris. So long as she likes his verses, Gallus seems to be saying, he can ignore any 'peer reviews' they might attract from critics such as Publius Valerius Cato and Viscus:
. . . tandem fēcērunt carmina Mūsae
quae possim dominā deicere digna meā.
. . . ātur idem tibi, nōn ego, Visce
. . . Katō, iūdice tē vereor.
"At last the Muses have made songs
which I can utter worthy of my mistress.
So long as . . . they to you, I am not afraid
to be judged by you, Viscus, . . . nor by you, Cato."
The fragments of four poems attributed to him, first published by Aldus Manutius in 1590 and printed in Alexander Riese's Anthologia Latina (1869), are generally regarded as a forgery; and Pomponius Gauricus's ascription to him of the elegiac verses of Maximianus is no longer accepted.
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