Clostridium is a genus of anaerobic, Gram-positive bacteria. Species of Clostridium inhabit soils and the intestinal tracts of animals, including humans.
History
Circa 1880, in the course of studying
fermentation and
butyric acid synthesis, a scientist surnamed Prazmowski first assigned a binomial name to
Clostridium butyricum.
The mechanisms of anaerobic respiration were still not yet well elucidated at that time, so taxonomy of anaerobes was still developing.
Taxonomy
As of October 2022, there are 164 validly published species in
Clostridium.
[Page Genus: Clostridium on ]
The genus, as traditionally defined, contains many organisms not closely related to its type species. The issue was originally illustrated in full detail by a rRNA phylogeny from Collins 1994, which split the traditional genus (now corresponding to a large slice of Clostridia) into twenty clusters, with cluster I containing the type species Clostridium butyricum and its close relatives.
"Clostridium" cluster XIVa (now Lachnospiraceae)
Biochemistry
Species of
Clostridium are obligate anaerobe and capable of producing
. They generally stain gram-positive, but as well as
Bacillus, are often described as Gram-variable, because they show an increasing number of gram-negative cells as the culture ages.
The Schaeffer–Fulton stain (0.5%
malachite green in water) can be used to distinguish endospores of
Bacillus and
Clostridium from other microorganisms.
Clostridium can be differentiated from the also endospore forming genus Bacillus by its obligate anaerobic growth, the shape of endospores and the lack of catalase. Species of Desulfotomaculum form similar endospores and can be distinguished by their requirement for sulfur.
A commercially available polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test kit for C. perfringens exists .
Biology and pathogenesis
Clostridium species are readily found inhabiting soils and intestinal tracts.
Clostridium species are also a normal inhabitant of the healthy lower reproductive tract of females.
The main species responsible for disease in humans are:
Several more pathogenic species, that were previously described in Clostridium, have been found to belong to other genera.[
]
-
Clostridium difficile, now placed in Clostridioides.
-
Clostridium histolyticum, now placed in Hathewaya.
-
Clostridium sordellii, now placed in Paraclostridium, can cause a fatal infection in exceptionally rare cases after medical abortions.
Treatment
Clostridium welchii and Clostridium tetani respond to sulfonamides.
Clostridium botulinum is highly resistant to radiation. The vegetative cells of clostridia are heat-labile and are killed by short heating at temperatures above .
Lysozyme, nitrate, nitrite and propionic acid salts inhibit clostridia growth in certain food products.
Use
-
Clostridium thermocellum can use lignocellulosic waste and generate ethanol, thus making it a possible candidate for use in production of ethanol fuel. It also has no oxygen requirement and is Thermophile, which reduces cooling cost.
-
Clostridium acetobutylicum was first used by Chaim Weizmann to produce acetone and biobutanol from starch in 1916 for the production of cordite (smokeless gunpowder) in the Weizmann process.
[ and ]
-
Clostridium botulinum produces a potentially lethal neurotoxin used in a diluted form in the drug Botox, which is carefully injected to nerves in the face, which prevents the movement of the expressive muscles of the forehead, to delay the wrinkling effect of aging. It is also used to treat spasmodic torticollis and provides relief for around 12 to 16 weeks.
-
Clostridium butyricum strain MIYAIRI 588 is marketed in Japan, Korea, and China for Clostridium difficile prophylaxis due to its reported ability to interfere with the growth of the latter.
-
Some clostridia that cause gas gangrene produce hyaluronidase, deoxyribonuclease, lecithinase, leukocidin, protease, lipase, and hemolysin.
-
Clostridium ljungdahlii, recently discovered in commercial chicken wastes, can produce ethanol from single-carbon sources including synthesis gas, a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, that can be generated from the partial combustion of either or biomass.
-
Clostridium butyricum converts glycerol to 1,3-propanediol.
-
Genes from Clostridium thermocellum have been inserted into transgenic mice to allow the production of endoglucanase. The experiment was intended to learn more about how the digestive capacity of monogastric animals could be improved.
-
Nonpathogenic strains of Clostridium may help in the treatment of diseases such as cancer. Research shows that Clostridium can selectively target cancer cells. Some strains can enter and replicate within solid . Clostridium could, therefore, be used to deliver therapeutic proteins to tumours. This use of Clostridium has been demonstrated in a variety of preclinical models.
-
Mixtures of Clostridium species, such as Clostridium beijerinckii, Clostridium butyricum, and species from other genera have been shown to produce biohydrogen from yeast waste.
External links
