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Chordeumatida (from the Greek word for "sausage") is a large order of containing more than 1,400 species. Also known as sausage millipedes, they are found nearly worldwide. Chordeumatida is the largest order in the superorder Nematophora, a group also known as spinning millipedes because their Telson feature spinnerets used to build nests of silk. These millipedes produce this silk to create chambers in which to molt or to lay their eggs.
Species in this order share a set of features that distinguishes them from other millipedes. A key feature is the presence of six large bristles (setae) on the dorsal surface of each body segment, three on each side. The first segment (collum) is relatively narrow, giving the appearance of a distinct "neck" in many species, and the body tapers towards the rear. A dorsal groove runs down the length of the body, and some species feature paranota, lateral extensions of the exoskeleton. Paranota are also found in some other millipedes, notably Polydesmida, from which Chordeumatidans can be distinguished by having a dorsal groove. Unlike most other helminthomorph (worm-like) millipedes, chordeumatidans lack .
Most chordeumatidan species have 30 body segments (including the telson) as adults, and adult females in these species have 50 leg pairs. In adult males in this order, two leg pairs (pair 8 and pair 9) are modified into Gonopod, leaving 48 pairs of walking legs in the typical adult male chordeumatidan. Many species in this order, however, deviate from this typical body plan.
Many chordeumatidan species deviate from the usual 30 segments: A few species have 26 segments as adults (e.g., Chamaesoma and Xystrosoma santllorence), many species have 28 (e.g., Lipseuma and Haasea hungarica), one genus features 29 ( Tianella, in which most species have 29), one genus features 31 ( Metamastigophorophyllon), and many species have 32 (e.g., Diplomaragnidae). Some species also deviate by featuring sexual dimorphism in segment number, specifically, adult males with two segments fewer than adult females, for example, in the family Buotidae (males with 26, females with 28), in Xystrosoma (males with 28, females with the usual 30), and in the family Peterjohnsiidae (males with the usual 30, females with 32).
With these deviations from the usual 30 segments, the number of leg pairs in adults changes, usually with two leg pairs added or subtracted for each segment added to or subtracted from the typical number. For example, in Chamaesoma broelemanni, with only 26 segments (four fewer than the typical number), adult females have only 42 leg pairs, and adult males have only 40 pairs of walking legs (excluding two pairs of gonopods). Adult females with 32 segments (two more than the typical number) have 54 leg pairs (e.g., in the family Peterjohnsiidae), which is the maximum number fixed by species in the class Millipede.
Many species deviate from the expected number of walking legs, however, because they deviate in terms of sex-linked modifications to their legs. For example, many species involve another leg pair in addition to pairs 8 and 9 in the gonopod complex in adult males. In the family Speophilosomatidae, leg pair 7 in adult males is modified as part of the gonopod complex. In many species, the gonopod complex instead includes leg pair 10 in addition to pairs 8 and 9 (e.g., Branneria, Neocambrisoma raveni, Golovatchiidae, and Hoffmaneumatidae). The family Chordeumatidae exhibits the most extensive modifications, including five leg pairs (pairs 7 through 11) in the gonopod complex.J. Gordon Blower (1985). 9789004076983, Published for the Linnean Society of London and the Estuarine and Brackish-Water Sciences Association by E.J. Brill. ISBN 9789004076983 Some species also deviate from the usual body plan by reducing or eliminating leg pairs in the adult female. In the family Chordeumatidae, for example, adult females feature a legless sternite (the "platosternite") where a third pair of legs would otherwise be. In other species (e.g., the genus Kashmireumatidae and the species Kashmireumatidae), adult females instead exhibit modifications to the second pair of legs, which are reduced to small nubbins.
For the typical species in this order, post-embryonic development takes place in nine stages. The juvenile millipede hatches with 6 segments and only 3 pairs of legs in the first stage, then usually goes through stages with 8, 11, 15, 19, 23, 25, and 28 segments, before emerging as adults in the ninth and final stage with 30 segments. The male usually begins to develop gonopods in the seventh stage. Species that produce adults with fewer or more segments than the usual number, however, deviate from the typical pattern by adding a different number of segments at some stage, reaching maturity in a different stage, or both.
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