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Austroraptor ( ) is a genus of unenlagiine Theropoda dinosaur that lived during the Campanian and Maastrichtian ages of the Late Cretaceous period in what is now Argentina.
Austroraptor was a large, moderately-built, ground-dwelling, bipedal carnivore, measuring around long and weighing up to . It is one of the largest paravians known, with only large dromaeosaurids such as Achillobator and Utahraptor approaching a similar size.
In 2012, Phil Currie and Ariana Paulina-Carabajal referred a second specimen to Austroraptor cabazai, MML-220, that was found in 2008. This specimen, a partial skeleton with the skull of an adult individual slightly smaller than the holotype, is also housed in the collection of the Museo Municipal de Lamarque in Argentina. It complements the holotype in several elements, mainly the lower arm, hand and foot.
The skull is low and elongated, much more so than that of other dromaeosaurs, and measures . Austroraptor has conical, non-serrated teeth, which Novas et al. compared to those of Spinosauridae, based on how the tooth enamel of the surface of its teeth is fluted. Austroraptor shares a trait that is unique to it and to Adasaurus: the descending process of the Lacrimal bone curves anteriorly to a large degree. Austroraptor has a bizarre morphology in its Toe, which are strangely disproportionate. The 4th toe is over twice the width of the 2nd toe, and nearly three times the expected width based on similarly sized members of its taxonomic family. This has suggested to some researchers that the holotype specimen is a paleontological chimera; however, there is no uncertainty about the affinity of the taxon, so a chimera hypothesis can not be assured.
Several of Austroraptor
In 2012, comparison with a second specimen showed that the fourth toe was not especially broad; the purported second phalanx had in fact been a first phalanx.
The following cladogram is based on the phylogenetic analysis conducted by Turner, Makovicky and Norell in 2012, showing the relationships of Austroraptor among the other genera assigned to the taxon Unenlagiinae:
Cau et al. 2017 published a phylogenetic analysis of the Dromaeosauridae during the description of Halszkaraptor, in which members of the Unenlagiinae are classified as:
In 2019, during the description of Hesperornithoides, many paravian groups were examined for the inclusion of the new genus. In this analysis, Austroraptor is found to be a more basal member of Unenlagiinae.
In 2021, Brum and colleagues classified Ypupiara as a sister taxon to Austroraptor.
Models for Buitreraptor propose that it hunted by traveling large distances in pursuit of prey, which may explain the long-legged trait shared by various genera of Unenlagiidae. Buitreraptor is characterized by its long forelimbs and hands; it likely relied on them to restrain prey and the curved claw of the second pedal digit would have injured or killed the victim. Buitreraptor probably swallowed its prey whole due to its lack of serrated teeth with flesh-tearing capabilities; the teeth functioned to simply hold prey.
The same model was proposed for the much larger Austroraptor with few exceptions:
The teeth of Austroraptor are conical and lacking denticles, similarly to those of spinosaurids. Since it probably had a subarctometatarsal condition and similar hindlimb lengths compared to Buitreraptor, Austroraptor likely had well-developed cursorial capacities. In 2021, Brum and colleagues suggested that unenlagiines such as Austroraptor and its sister taxon Ypupiara likely consumed fish for a considerable part of their diet, possibly even as a main food source, based on their non-serrated conical teeth that are similar to those of piscivorous tetrapods including , , , etc.
During his description of Pellegrinisaurus, Salgado suggested that large titanosaurs and theropods inhabited interior environments of the region, and contemporaneous hadrosaurids and the titanosaur Aeolosaurus inhabited coastal lowlands. The diversity among titanosaurs indicates that the Allen Formation had environments that supported a great range of herbivorous dinosaurs. Other contemporaneous Fauna includes the titanosaurs Laplatasaurus, Rocasaurus and Saltasaurus, the bird Limenavis, and the hadrosaurids Bonapartesaurus, Kelumapusaura, and Lapampasaurus.
Distinguishing traits
However little of the entire skeleton was found, the bones that are available for analysis possess some distinct characteristics that differentiate Austroraptor from other dromaeosaurs. Austroraptor is particularly notable because of its relatively short forearms, which are much shorter in proportion when compared to the majority of the members of Dromaeosauridae. According to Novas et al. 2008, Austroraptor can be distinguished based on the following characteristics:
Classification
A cladism analysis of the holotype specimen's anatomical features by the describers placed Austroraptor within the subfamily Unenlagiinae of Dromaeosauridae. This assignment was based on characteristics observed in the bones of the skull, the teeth, and the geometry and formation of the specimen's vertebral elements. It was determined that Austroraptor was a close relative of the unenlagiine dromaeosaur Buitreraptor, with which it shares certain derived characteristics of the neck vertebrae.
Paleobiology
It has been suggested that unenlagiines had better capacities for running and pursuit predation than other dromaeosaurids. While Laurasian dromaeosaurids (Eudromaeosauria) were more stocky and had shorter legs and had an active predatory lifestyle, unenlagiines could likely maintain high speeds for extended amounts of time because they were more gracile. Unenlagiines have modified metatarsals that resemble those of Microraptoria: they are relatively thin and lengthened. Based on these adaptations, it is likely that unenlagiines preyed on small, fast animals, although the exact animals are unknown. Buitreraptor features particular traits that can be attributed to specific hunting methods.
Paleoecology
The holotype specimen was found in terrestrial sediments that were deposited during the Campanian–Maastrichtian stage of the Late Cretaceous period. Thomas R. Holtz Jr. has estimated that Austroraptor lived between 78 million and 66 million years ago, until the end of the Mesozoic era. Supplementary Information 2012 Austroraptor shared its paleoenvironment in the Allen Formation with diverse dinosaurs and early mammals. The discovery of Austroraptor increases the understanding of ecological and morphological diversity among unenlagiines, demonstrating that members of the subfamily included giant short-armed and small long-armed members, and suggesting that during the end of the Cretaceous large coelurosaurs became common after the decreasing dominance of carcharodontosaurids. This genus represents the earliest record of Gondwanan dromaeosaurids, and supports the fact that large dromaeosaurids took the role of large predators alongside abelisaurids such as Quilmesaurus, Aucasaurus and Carnotaurus.
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