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Anafi or Anaphe (; ) is a Greece island community in the Cyclades. In 2021, it had a population of 293. Its land area is . It lies east of the island of Santorini (Santorini). Anafi is part of the Thira regional unit.
After the Fourth Crusade in 1204, when the Cyclades were taken over by Venetians, Anafi was granted by the Duke of Naxos, Marco I Sanudo to Leonardo Foscolo. Under Frankokratia rule, the island was known as Namfio. (1988). 9789025609481, Adolf M. Hakkert. ISBN 9789025609481 In the late 1270s, the island was recovered for the Byzantine Empire by Licario and another Italian renegade and native of Anafi, John de lo Cavo, who succeeded Licario as imperial admiral in the Aegean. In 1307, following a treaty between the Byzantines and the Republic of Venice, the island was recovered by the Dukes of Naxos, who assigned it as a fief to Januli Gozzadini, of Bologna origin.
Much later the ruler of Anafi, William Crispo (1390-1463), became regent of the Duchy of Naxos, leaving Anafi under the control of his daughter Florence. William is said to have built the fortifications () above the present village. He is also claimed to have built a fortress, sometimes referred to as 'Gibitroli', on Mount Kalamos.Bursian, C. Geographie von Griechenland, Teubner, Leipzig, 1862; Philippson, A, Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Griechischen Inselwelt, Justus Perhes, Gotha, 1899; see also Eberhard-Kipper, H., Kykladen: Inseln der Agais, Walter Verlag, Freiburg, 1982; Tournefort, J.P. de, Relation d'un Voyage au Levant fait par ordre du Roy..., Paris, 1717; Kenna, Margaret, Apollo and the Virgin: the Changing Meanings of a Sacred Site on Anafi, History & Anthropology 2009, 20 (4): 487-509
In 1481, the island passed to the Pisani family family as part of a dowry. The Pisani ruled it until 1537, when the Ottoman Empire admiral Hayreddin Barbarossa raided it and carried off all its inhabitants as slaves. The island was eventually resettled, and acquired a set of privileges from the Ottoman court in 1700 in exchange for 500 crowns. Thereafter it was left largely to fend for itself, except for the annual visit of the Ottoman fleet to collect tribute. The island was visited in 1700 by Joseph Pitton de Tournefort, botanist to the French court. He describes Mount Kalamos as " une des plus effroyables roches qui soit au monde" ("one of the most terrible rocks in the world"). Some of the ancient remains from the island were acquired by French and British antiquaries; one Hellenistic art statue from Kastelli (of a woman holding an incense cup) can be found in the Hermitage Museum, Saint Petersburg.
During the Russo-Turkish War of 1768–1774, it was held and used as a base by the Russian fleet under Alexei Orlov from 1770 until the war's end. During the Greek War of Independence, the Anafiots sent "two Caïques of men" to join the struggle. Many men left the island to help in the building of Athens as capital city of Greece, and from then on there was both seasonal and permanent migration, and a migrant community grew up in the city. They built houses for themselves on the slopes of the Acropolis rock, in an area still known as Anafiotika (see Caftanzoglou 2000). James Theodore Bent visited the island with his wife in the winter of 1880-81 and gives a vivid description of the island.(Bent, James Theodore, The Cyclades, or, Life among the Insular Greeks, 1885 edited edition by G. Brisch, Archaeopress, Oxford, 2002)
The island was used as a place of internal exile for criminals and political dissidents from the 1920s onward.O'Connor, V.C.S. The Isles of the Aegean, Hutchinson, London, 1929; Birtles, Bert, Exiles in the Aegean, a personal narrative of Greek politics and travel, Victor Gollancz, London 1938; Kenna, Margaret, The Social Organisation of Exile: Greek Political Detainees in the 1930s Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers, 2001
Tourism developed after the fall of the Greek junta in 1974 and the installation of an electricity generator and undertaking of harbor works the same year. The building of paved roads that begun in the late 1980s not only increased tourism but revived the island's agricultural economy. There are numerous publications relating to the island from the mid-1960s (see books and articles by Margaret KennaGreek Island Life: Fieldwork on Anafi, Harwood, 2001, see also articles on academia.edu) and her photographs of the island and migrant communities over the decades since 1966 have been gifted to the Benaki Museum Photographic Archive (located in Kolonaki Square - Filikis Etaireias 15).
Anafi is very much an island for walking. Antonis Kaloyerou has published a walkers' guide to the island, in Greek, profusely illustrated, with detailed instructions, timings, and distances (Αντωνης Καλογηρου, Τα Μονοπατια της Αναφης, ROAD 2010, see www.road.gr). There is also a 1:15.000 "hiking map" in Greek and English published by Terrain, no: 318. (See www.terrainmaps.gr) Through the old paths and around the steep hills, you can walk to the other side of the island. The most popular beaches are Klisidi and Roukounas. A peninsula at the eastern end of the island is dominated by a monolithic peak, Mt. Kalamos, among the largest in the Mediterranean at . Perched atop this massif is the Kalamiotissa church, rebuilt in large part after an earthquake in the 1950s. The icon from this church (called locally "the Upper Monastery") was taken, after a storm in 1887, to the church at the foot of Mount Kalamos, built inside the walls of Apollo's temple (called locally "the Lower Monastery"). The festival associated with this icon is celebrated on 8 September, the Birth of the Virgin. On the island, the epithet (unique in Greece) applied to the Virgin is Kalamiotissa, as the icon is said to have been found on a reed (kalami) on the peak of Mount Kalamos. The journey to and from Anafi can only be done by boat, and since they have added more destinations on the way, it takes almost 19 hours from Athens. However, the boat schedule changes in the summer, and in the winter, so it is important to check carefully before travelling. It is also possible to reach the island from Santorini.
A geological survey of the island published in 1870 mentions deposits of calamine (used in galvanising), and there are deposits of clay in the area of Vayia used by the island's potter in the 1950s. More recently geologists took advantage of the extensive excavations associated with road-building in the 1980s and 1990s to examine the rock strata and other geological features affected by the volcanic eruptions of Santorini and the deposits of volcanic ash which fell on Anafi.see J Leichmann & E Hejl, Volcanism on Anafi island..... Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie 2006 vol 182, 3: 231-240. Also, Ewald Hejl & Gerold Tippelt, Prehistoric pigment mining on Santorini's neighbouring island Anafi.... Austrian Journal of Earth Sciences 2005, 98: 22-33. A hydrographic chart of the island ("Anaphi, Pasha and Makrea") from 1859, under the direction of Captain Thomas Spratt (1811-1888) of HMS Medina, can be found in the archives of the UK Hydrographic Office, accessioned 4 June 1860 and ref D4737.
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