The walleye ( Sander vitreus, synonym Stizostedion vitreum), also called the walleyed pike,
In parts of its range in English-speaking Canada, the walleye is known as a pickerel, though the fish is not related to the true Esox, which are members of the family Esocidae.
Walleyes show a fair amount of variation across watersheds. In general, fish within a watershed are quite similar and are genetically distinct from those of nearby watersheds. The species has been Fish hatchery for over a century and has been planted on top of existing populations or introduced into waters naturally devoid of the species, sometimes reducing the overall genetic distinctiveness of populations.
Etymology
The name "walleye" comes from its pearlescent eyes caused by the reflective
tapetum lucidum which, in addition to allowing the fish to see well in low-light conditions, gives its eyes an opaque appearance. Their vision affects their behavior. They avoid bright light and feed in low light on fish that cannot see as well as they do.
Many anglers look for walleyes at night since this is when major feeding efforts occur. The fish's eyes also allow them to see well in
Turbidity waters (stained or rough, breaking waters), which gives them an advantage over their prey. Thus, walleye anglers commonly look for locations where a good "walleye chop" (i.e., rough water) occurs. Their vision also allows the fish to populate the deeper regions in a lake, and they can often be found in deeper water, particularly during the warmest part of the summer and at night.
Description
Walleyes are largely olive and gold in color (hence the French common name:
doré—golden). The dorsal side of a walleye is olive, grading into a golden hue on the flanks. The olive/gold pattern is broken up by five darker saddles that extend to the upper sides. The color shades to white on the belly. The mouth of a walleye is large and is armed with many sharp teeth. The first dorsal and anal fins are spinous, as is the operculum. Walleyes are distinguished from their close relative the
sauger by the white coloration on the lower lobe of the caudal fin, which is absent on the sauger. In addition, the two dorsals and the caudal fin of the sauger are marked with distinctive rows of black dots which are absent from or indistinct on the same fins of walleyes.
Length and weight
Walleyes grow to about in length, and weigh up to about . The maximum recorded size for the fish is in length and in weight. The rate depends partly on where in their range they occur, with southern populations often growing faster and larger. In general, females grow larger than males. Walleyes may live for decades; the maximum recorded age is 29 years. In heavily fished populations, however, few walleye older than five or six years of age are encountered. In North America, where they are highly prized, their typical size when caught is on the order of , substantially below their potential size.
As walleye grow longer, they increase in weight. The relationship between total length ( L) and total weight ( W) for nearly all species of fish can be expressed by an equation of the form
Invariably, b is close to 3.0 for all species, and c is a constant that varies among species. For walleye, b = 3.180 and c = 0.000228 (with units in inches and pounds) or b = 3.180 and c = 0.000005337 (with units in cm and kg).
This relationship suggests a walleye will weigh about , while a walleye will likely weigh about .
Population dynamics
The Garrison Dam National Fish Hatchery at Garrison Dam,
North Dakota, is the largest walleye hatchery in the world. Although they are in high demand for fishing and consumption in North Dakota, elsewhere they are considered a nuisance. For that reason GDNFH is also researching hormonal population control to provide control options to other areas.
Reproduction
In most of the species' range, male walleyes mature sexually between three and four years of age. Females normally mature about a year later. Adults migrate to tributary streams in late winter or early spring to lay eggs over gravel and rock, although open-water
reef or shoal-spawning strains are seen, as well. Some populations are known to spawn on sand or vegetation. Spawning occurs at water temperatures of . A large female can lay up to 500,000 eggs, and no care is given by the parents to the eggs or fry. The eggs are slightly adhesive and fall into spaces between rocks. The incubation period for the
is temperature-dependent, but generally lasts from 12 to 30 days. After hatching, the free-swimming embryos spend about a week absorbing a relatively small amount of yolk. Once the yolk has been fully absorbed, the young walleyes begin to feed on
, such as
Diptera larva and
Plankton. After 40 to 60 days, juvenile walleyes become
piscivorous. Thenceforth, both juvenile and
adult walleyes eat fish almost exclusively, frequently
yellow perch or ciscoes, moving onto bars and shoals at night to feed. Walleye also feed heavily on crayfish, minnows, and leeches.
Taxonomy
The walleye is part of the North American
clade within the genus
Sander, alongside the
sauger (
S. canadensis). Hubbs described a taxon called the
blue walleye (
S. glaucus) from the Great Lakes but subsequent taxonomic work showed no consistent differences between this form and the "yellow" walleye and the blue walleye is now considered to be a synonym and color variant of the walleye.
The walleye was first formally described by the
United States naturalist Samuel Latham Mitchill (1764–1831) with the type locality given as
Cayuga Lake near Ithaca, New York.
As food
The walleye is considered to be a quite palatable
Fresh water fish, and consequently, is fished
Sport fishing and
Fishing industry for food.
Because of its nocturnal feeding habits, it is most easily caught at night using live minnows or lures that mimic small fish. Most commercial fisheries for walleye are situated in the Canadian waters of the
Great Lakes,
[ Retrieved 25 April 2022. Seafood Source] and fried walleye is considered a staple of
Canadian cuisine.
[ Retrieved 25 April 2022. Cook Me][ Retrieved 25 April 2022. All Recipes] In Minnesota, the walleye is often fished for in the late afternoon on windy days (known as a "walleye chop") or at night. Often served as a
Walleye sandwich in Minnesota's pubs where the fish is very popular, deep-fried walleye on a stick is a Minnesota State Fair food.
Fried walleye is a popular food in both Canada and Minnesota.
Fishing
Because walleyes are popular with anglers,
fishing for walleyes is regulated by most natural resource agencies. Management may include the use of quotas and length limits to ensure that populations are not
Overfishing. For example, in
Michigan, walleyes shorter than may not be legally kept.
Since walleyes have excellent visual acuity under low illumination levels, they tend to feed more extensively at dawn and dusk, on cloudy or overcast days, and under choppy conditions when light penetration into the water column is disrupted. Although anglers interpret this as light avoidance, it is merely an expression of the walleyes' competitive advantage over their prey under those conditions. Similarly, in darkly stained or Turbidity waters, walleyes tend to feed throughout the day. In the spring and fall, walleyes are located near the shallower areas due to the spawning grounds, and they are most often located in shallower areas during higher winds due to the murkier, higher oxygenated water at around deep.[Joe Fellegy Jr., Walleyes and Walleye Fishing (Dillon Press, 1974), 57–58] On calm spring days, walleyes are more often located at the deep side of the shoreline drop-off and around shore slopes at depths approaching or more.[Fellegy, 60]
As a result of their widespread presence in Canada and the northern United States, walleyes are frequently caught while ice fishing, a popular winter pastime throughout those regions.
"Walleye chop" is a term used by walleye fisherman for rough water typically with winds of , and is one of the indicators for good walleye fishing due to the walleyes' increased feeding activity during such conditions. In addition to fishing this chop, night fishing with live bait can be very effective.
The current all-tackle world record for a walleye is held by Mabry Harper, who caught an walleye in Old Hickory Lake in Tennessee on 2 August 1960.
Cultural aspects
Walleye is a culturally significant food in the
Upper Midwest.
[Makenzie Huber, Why walleye? How this flaky fish became a South Dakota food favorite, Argus Leader (August 28, 2019).] Walleye is popular in Minnesota; the Minnesota Legislature declared walleye the official
state fish in 1965. Three towns—Garrison, Minnesota; Baudette, Minnesota; and Garrison, North Dakota—each claim to be the "Walleye Capital of the World" and a large statue of the fish is erected in each town.
[ "Walleyed War of the Walleye Capitals". RoadsideAmerica.com. Doug Kirby, Ken Smith, Mike Wilkins.] Walleye pike was declared the official "state warm water fish" of
Vermont in 2012. (Vermont's official "state cold water fish" is the
brook trout,
Salvelinus fontinalis.)
[ Vermont No. 82 of 2012.]
South Dakota designated the walleye as its official state fish in 1982.[ Although the fish is native to South Dakota, living in Missouri River reservoirs and eastern of the state, it only became a popular food in South Dakota in the 1970s and 1980s, when the fishing tournament circuit promoted the fish and operated walleye fishing contests in the state.][
]
The walleye is the official provincial fish of Manitoba.[ Icelandic fishermen in Lake Winnipeg traditionally supplied the Winnipeg market.][Michael Snook, Fishing Saskatchewan: An Angler's Guide to Provincial Waters (University of Regina Press: 2004), pp. 101–103.] The International Underwater Spearfishing Association record for largest spearfishing-caught walleye is held by a walleye caught in 2014 on the South Saskatchewan River north of Lake Diefenbaker.[
]
See also
Further reading
External links
