Tufa is a variety of limestone formed when carbonate minerals precipitate out of water in unheated rivers or lakes. hot spring sometimes produce similar (but less porous) carbonate deposits, which are known as travertine or thermogene travertine. Tufa is sometimes referred to as meteogene travertine.
Classification and features
Modern and fossil tufa deposits abound with wetland plants;
as such, many tufa deposits are characterised by their large component, and are highly porous. Tufa forms either in fluvial channels or in lacustrine environments. Ford and Pedley (1996)
provide a review of tufa systems worldwide.
Fluvial deposits
Deposits can be classified by their depositional environment (or otherwise by vegetation or
petrography). Pedley (1990)
provides an extensive classification system, which includes the following classes of fluvial tufa:
-
Spring – Deposits form on emergence from a spring/seep. Morphology can vary from wetlands to spring aprons (see calcareous sinter)
-
Braided channel – Deposits form within a fluvial channel, dominated by oncoids (see oncolite)
-
Cascade – Deposits form at waterfalls, deposition is focused here due to accelerated flow (see Geochemistry)
-
Barrage – Deposits form as a series of barrages across a channel, which may grow up to several metres in height. Barrages often contain a significant detrital component, composed of organic material (leaf litter, branches etc.).
Lacustrine deposits
Lacustrine tufas are generally formed at the periphery of lakes and built-up phytoherms (freshwater reefs), and on
.
Oncoids are also common in these environments.
Calcareous sinter
Although sometimes regarded as a distinct carbonate deposit, calcareous sinter formed from ambient temperature water can be considered a sub-type of tufa.
Speleothems
Calcareous
may be regarded as a form of calcareous sinter. They lack any significant
macrophyte component due to the absence of light, and for this reason they are often morphologically closer to travertine or calcareous sinter.
Columns
Tufa columns are an unusual form of tufa typically associated with
salt lake. They are distinct from most tufa deposits in that they lack any significant
macrophyte component, due to the salinity excluding
mesophile.
Some tufa columns may actually form from hot-springs, and may therefore constitute a form of
travertine. It is generally thought that such features form from CaCO
3 precipitated when carbonate rich source waters emerge into alkaline soda lakes. They have also been found in marine settings in the Ikka
fjord of Greenland where the
Ikaite columns can reach up to in height.
Biology
Tufa deposits form an important habitat for a diverse flora.
(mosses, liverworts etc.) and
are well represented. The porosity of the deposits creates a wet habitat ideal for these plants.
Geochemistry
Modern tufa is formed from alkaline waters, supersaturated with calcite. On emergence, waters degas CO
2 due to the lower atmospheric CO
2 (see
partial pressure), resulting in an increase in pH. Since carbonate solubility decreases with increased pH,
precipitation is induced. Supersaturation may be enhanced by factors leading to a reduction in CO
2, for example increased air-water interactions at waterfalls may be important,
as may photosynthesis.
Recently it has been demonstrated that microbially induced precipitation may be more important than physico-chemical precipitation. Pedley et al. (2009)
Calcite is the dominant mineral precipitate, followed by the polymorph aragonite.
Occurrence
Tufa is common in many parts of the world including:
-
Pyramid Lake, Nevada, US – tufa formations
-
Soda Lakes, Nevada, US – tufa formations only a century old
-
Mono Lake, California, US – tufa columns
-
Trona Pinnacles, California, US – tufa columns
-
Sitting Bull Falls, New Mexico, US - tufa waterfall
-
Matlock Bath, Derbyshire, United Kingdom
-
North Dock Tufa, United Kingdom
-
Basturs Lakes, Pallars Jussà, Catalonia – tufa mounds
-
Various parts of Armenia, such as Artik
-
The southwestern coastline of Western Australia
-
The Madikwe Game Reserve in the North West Province, South Africa
-
The Kadishi tufa fall, Blyde River Canyon Nature Reserve, Mpumalanga Province, South Africa
-
Various parts of southern Italy.
Some sources suggest that "tufa" was used as the primary building material for most of the châteaux of the Loire Valley, France. This results from a mis-translation of the terms "tuffeau jaune" and "tuffeau blanc", which are porous varieties of the Late Cretaceous marine limestone known as chalk.
Dinaric karst watercourses
, Slovenia
-
Una river, Bosnia and Herzegovina
-
Pliva, Bosnia and Herzegovina
-
Trebižat, Bosnia and Herzegovina
-
Buna, Bosnia and Herzegovina
-
Bregava, Bosnia and Herzegovina
-
Plitvice Lakes National Park, Croatia
-
Krka, Croatia
-
Zrmanja with Krupa tributary, Croatia
-
Kupa, Croatia and Slovenia
Uses
Tufa is occasionally shaped into a planter. Its porous consistency makes it ideal for
. A concrete mixture called
hypertufa is used for similar purposes.
In the 4th century BC, tufa was used to build Roman walls up to 10m high and 3.5m thick.
See also
External links
