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A tipi or tepee ( ) is a conical lodging tent that is distinguished from other conical tents by the smoke flaps at the top of the structure, and historically made of animal hides or fur or, in more recent generations, of canvas stretched on a framework of wooden poles. The loanword came into English usage from the Dakota language and .
Historically, the tipi has been used by certain Indigenous peoples of the Plains Indians in the Great Plains and Canadian Prairies of North America, notably Oceti Sakowin, as well as among the Iowa people, the Otoe and Pawnee people, and among the Piegan Blackfeet, Crow Nation, Assiniboines, Arapaho, and Plains Cree.Lewis H. Morgan, "I have seen it in use among seven or eight Dakota sub-tribes, among the Iowas, Otoes, and Pawnees, and among the Black-feet, Crows, Assiniboines, and Crees. In 1878, I saw it in use among the Utes of Colorado. A collection of fifty of these tents, which would accommodate five hundred persons, make a picturesque appearance. Under the name of the "Sibley tent" it is now in use, with some modifications of plan, in the United States Army, for service on the plains." A (Contributions to N. A. Ethnology, vol. iv., p. 115.) They are also used west of the Rocky Mountains by Indigenous peoples of the Plateau such as the Yakama and the Cayuse people. They are still in use in many of these communities, though now primarily for ceremonial purposes rather than daily living. Modern tipis usually have a canvas covering. (2025). 9780806188522, University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 9780806188522
Non-Native people have often stereotypically and incorrectly assumed that all Native Americans in the United States and Indigenous peoples in Canada have at one point lived in tipis, which is inaccurate, as many Native American cultures and civilizations and First Nations from other regions have used other types of (, , , , and longhouses).
The spelling tipi is the one most common in Canadian English Tipi in the Canadian Encyclopedia whereas the spelling tepee is the most common one according to American English dictionaries and the Encyclopedia Britannica and the Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia. Tepee in the Merriam-Webster Dictionary Tepee in the American Heritage Dictionary Tepee in the Encyclopedia Britannica Tepee in the Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia
The wigwam or "wickiup", a dome-shaped shelter typically made of bark layered on a pole structure, was also used by various tribes, especially for hunting camps. The Mythology of All Races. 1916. |p. 76.The Archeological History of New York, Issues 231-238. By Arthur Caswell Parker. University of the State of New York, 1922. p387 The term wigwam has often been incorrectly used to refer to a conical skin tipi.The North-Americans of yesterday. By Frederick Samuel Dellenbaugh. G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1900. p200Usually wigwams are a domed structure; conical wooden wigwams exist, though, and presumably gave rise to the confusing of the different structures. For more, see: Notes on the Eastern Cree and Northern Saulteaux, Volumes 9-10. By Alanson Skinner. The Trustee, 1911. p12+13.
The conventional translation in French and English for all Indigenous dwellings at one time was "lodge," resulting in many compounds and place names such as sweatlodge, lodgepole pine, Red Lodge, and so on.
A typical family tipi is a conical, portable structure with two adjustable smoke flaps, multiple poles (historically from long) called lodge poles.
Lewis H. Morgan noted that tipi frames were 13 to 15 poles that were tall. These poles, "after being tied together at the small ends, are raised upright with a twist so as to cross the poles above the fastening."Morgan, Lewis H., Contributions to Native American Ethnology, vol. iv., p. 114. The builders pull the lower ends out to form a circle about in diameter on the ground. They stretch a covering of tanned and untanned buffalo hides, sewn together, over the frame, which they then secure with stakes at the base. "At the top there is an extra skin adjusted as a collar, so as to be open on the windward side to facilitate the exit of the smoke. A low opening is left for a doorway, which is covered with an extra skin used as a drop. The fire-pit and arrangements for beds are the same as in the Ojibwa lodge, grass being used in the place of spruce or hemlock twigs."
Lodgepole pine is the preferred wood in the Northern and Central Plains and red cedar in the Southern Plains.Wishart, David J. Encyclopedia of the Great Plains Indians. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2007. 89. Tipis have a detachable cover over the structure. The cover has historically been made of American Bison hide, an optional skin or cloth lining, and a canvas or bison calf skin door. Modern lodges are more often made of canvas.
Ropes (historically rawhide thongs or babiche) and wooden pegs are required to bind the poles, close the cover, attach the lining and door, and anchor the resulting structure to the ground. Tipis are distinguished from other tents by two crucial elements: the opening at the top and the smoke flaps, which allow the dwellers to heat themselves and cook with an open fire; and the lining that is primarily used in the winter, which insulates. Tipis were designed to be easily set up or taken down to allow camps to be moved to follow game migrations, especially the bison. When dismantled the tipi poles were used to construct a dog- or later horse-pulled travois on which additional poles and tipi cover were placed.
Tipi covers are made by sewing together strips of canvas or tanned hide and cutting out a semicircular shape from the resulting surface. Trimming this shape yields a door and the smoke flaps that allow the dwellers to control the chimney effect to expel smoke from their fires. Old-style traditional linings were hides, blankets, and rectangular pieces of cloth hanging about above the ground tied to the poles or a rope.
During the later reservation era, retired warriors would paint on canvas tipis depicting different events in tribal history, including battles with Americans. He Nupa Wanica (Joseph No Two Horns), a Hunkpapa Lakota warrior who fought in 40 battles, including the Battle of the Little Bighorn, is one such artist known for his many tipi paintings, shields and horse effigies now in museums.
Decoration
Historically, most tipis in a village were not painted. Painted tipis often depicted noteworthy historical battles and often featured geometric portrayals of celestial bodies and animal designs. Sometimes tipis have been painted to depict personal experiences such as war, hunting, a dream, or vision. When depicting visions, "ceremonies and prayers were first offered, and then the dreamer recounted his dream to the priests and wise men of the community. Those known to be skilled painters were consulted, and the new design was made to fit anonymously within the traditional framework of the tribe's painted tipis."
Teachings
Tribes today use the tipi as a means to convey traditional, scientific, and psychological teachings. The Siksika Nation nation's worldview is based on the shape of a tipi, which inspired Maslow's hierarchy of needs teachings. In Cree communities, the tipi can represent the power of women and their role as the foundation of the family unit. In Lakota people communities, youth are taught how to assemble tipis, with each pole representing different traditional virtues, and are simultaneously taught geometry and teamwork.
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