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   » » Wiki: Timolol
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Timolol is a medication used either or as . As eye drops it is used to treat increased pressure inside the eye such as in ocular hypertension and . By mouth it is used for high blood pressure, , to prevent further complications after a heart attack, and to prevent .

Common side effects with the drops is irritation of the eye. Common side effects by mouth include tiredness, , itchiness, and shortness of breath. Other side effects include masking the symptoms of low blood sugar in those with . Use is not recommended in those with , uncompensated , or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It is unclear if use during pregnancy is safe for the fetus. Timolol is a .

Timolol was patented in 1968, and came into medical use in 1978.

(2025). 9783527607495, John Wiley & Sons. .
It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. Timolol is available as a generic medication. In 2022, it was the 155th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 3million prescriptions.


Medical uses

By mouth
In its by mouth or oral form, it is used:

The combination of timolol and the alpha-1 blocker has effects.


Eye drops
In its eye drop form it is used to treat open-angle and, occasionally, secondary glaucoma. The mechanism of action of timolol is probably the reduction of the formation of aqueous humor in the ciliary body in the eye. It was the first approved for topical use in treatment of glaucoma in the United States (1978). When used by itself, it depresses intraocular pressure (IOP) 18–34% below baseline within first few treatments. However, there are short-term escape and long-term drift effects in some people. That is, tolerance develops. It may reduce the extent of the daytime IOP curve up to 50%. The IOP is higher during sleep. Efficacy of timolol in lowering IOP during the sleep period may be limited. It is a 5–10× more potent beta blocker than . Timolol is light-sensitive; it is usually preserved with 0.01% benzalkonium chloride (BAC), but also comes BAC-free. It can also be used in combination with , carbonic anhydrase inhibitors or analogs.

A Cochrane review compared the effect of timolol versus in slowing the progression of open angle glaucoma in adults but found insufficient evidence to come to conclusions.


On the skin
In its gel form it is used on the skin to treat infantile hemangiomas.


Available forms
It is available in tablet and liquid formulations.

For ophthalmic use, timolol is also available combined:

  • with carbonic anhydrase inhibitors:
  • with α2 agonists:
    • timolol and brimonidine
  • with prostaglandin analogs:


Contraindications
The medication should not be taken by individuals with:


Side effects
The most serious possible side effects include cardiac and severe . Timolol can also lead to fainting, , depression, , worsening of Raynaud's syndrome and impotence.

Side effects when given in the eye include: burning sensation, eye redness, superficial punctate keratopathy, corneal numbness.


Chemistry
The experimental of timolol is 1.8 and its predicted log P ranges from 0.68 to 1.8. Https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/33624< /ref>


Society and culture

Brand names
Timolol is sold under many worldwide. Timolol eye drops are sold under the brand names Timoptic and Istalol among others.


External links
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