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Thiamethoxam is the ISO trivial name for a mixture of cis-trans isomers used as a systemic insecticide of the neonicotinoid class. It has a broad spectrum of activity against many types of insects and can be used as a seed treatment.
A 2018 review by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) concluded that most uses of neonicotinoid pesticides such as Thiamethoxam represent a risk to wild bees and honeybees. In 2022 the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) concluded that Thiamethoxam is likely to adversely affect 77 percent of federally listed endangered or threatened species and 81 percent of critical habitats. The pesticide has been banned for all outdoor use in the entire European Union since 2018, but has a partial approval in the U.S. and other parts of the world, where it is widely used.
Syngenta asserts that thiamethoxam improves plant vigor by triggering physiological reactions within the plant, which induce the expression of specific "functional proteins" involved in various stress defense mechanisms of the plant allowing it to better cope under tough growing conditions, such as "drought and heat stress leading to protein degradation, low pH, high soil salinity, free radicals from UV radiation, toxic levels of aluminum, wounding from pests, wind, hail, etc, virus attack".
FAO described thiamethoxam as non-toxic to fish, daphnia and algae, mildly toxic for birds, highly toxic to midges and acutely toxic for bees. The Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS) classification is: "Harmful if swallowed. Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects". Thiamethoxam at sublethal concentrations can increase aggressiveness and cannibalism in commercially harvested shrimp such as Procambarus clarkii In bioassays of aquatic organisms, fish, aquatic primary producers, mollusks, worms, and rotifers are often largely insensitive to thiamethoxam concentrations found in surface waters, but insects, such as chironomid larvae are especially susceptible.
Sublethal doses of thiamethoxam metabolite clothianidin (0.05–2 ng/bee) have been known to cause reduced foraging activity since at least 1999, but this was quantified in 2012 by RFID tagged honeybees. Doses of equal or more than 0.5 ng/bee caused longer foraging flights.
On September 5, 2014 Syngenta petitioned the EPA to increase the legal tolerance for thiamethoxam residue in numerous crops. It wanted to use thiamethoxam as a leaf spray, rather than just a seed treatment, to treat late to midseason insect pests.
The estimated annual use of the compound in US agriculture is mapped by the US Geological Service and showed an increasing trend from its introduction in 2001 to 2014 when it reached . However, use from 2015 to 2019 dropped sharply following concerns about the effect of neonicotinoid chemicals on pollinating insects. In May 2019, the Environmental Protection Agency revoked approval for a number of products containing thiamethoxam as part of a legal settlement. However, certain formulations continue to be available.
In February 2018, the European Food Safety Authority published a new report indicating that neonicotinoids pose a serious danger to both and wild .Damian Carrington, "Total ban on bee-harming pesticides likely after major new EU analysis", The Guardian, 28 February 2018 (page visited on 29 April 2018). In April 2018, the member states of the European Union decided to ban the three main neonicotinoids (clothianidin, imidacloprid and thiamethoxam) for all outdoor uses.Damian Carrington, "EU agrees total ban on bee-harming pesticides ", The Guardian, 27 April 2018 (page visited on 29 April 2018).
Regulation and use
United States
Thiamethoxam has been approved for use in the US as an antimicrobial pesticide, wood preservative and as a insecticide; it was first approved in 1999.EPA Dec 21, 2011 Thiamethoxam Summary Document Registration Review Initial Docket Entire docket is available here It is still approved for use in a wide range of crops. §180.565 Thiamethoxam; tolerances for residues.
Neonicotinoids banned by the European Union
In 2012, several peer reviewed independent studies were published showing that several neonicotinoids had previously undetected routes of exposure affecting bees including through dust, pollen, and nectar; that sub-nanogram toxicity resulted in failure to return to the hive without immediate lethality, the primary symptom of colony collapse disorder; and showing environmental persistence in agricultural irrigation channels and soil. However, not all earlier studies carried out before 2014 have found significant effects. These reports prompted a formal peer review by the European Food Safety Authority, which stated in January 2013 that neonicotinoids pose an unacceptably high risk to bees, and that the industry-sponsored science upon which regulatory agencies' claims of safety have relied on may be flawed and contain several data gaps not previously considered. In April 2013, the European Union voted for a two-year restriction on neonicotinoid insecticides. The ban restricts the use of imidacloprid, clothianidin, and thiamethoxam on crops that attract bees.
Other countries
Thiamethoxam is approved for a wide range of agricultural, viticulture(vineyard), and horticultural uses.
Emergency use
In January 2021 the UK allowed this pesticide to be used to save sugar beet plants in danger of damage from beet yellows virus which is transmitted by aphids. However, due to lower levels of this disease than was expected, it was announced in March 2021 that the conditions for emergency use had not been met. The UK made similar decisions in 2022, 2023, and 2024 but in these three years the predicted incidence level of yellow virus was met, and in March 2024 it was announced that the use of Cruiser SB (a pesticide which contains thiamethoxam) would be allowed for a third consecutive year.
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