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An anniversary is the date on which an event took place or an institution was founded.
Most countries celebrate national anniversaries, typically called . These could be the date of independence of the nation or the adoption of a new constitution or form of government. There is no definite method for determining the date of establishment of an institution, and it is generally decided within the institution by convention. The important dates in a sitting monarch's reign may also be commemorated, an event often referred to as a "jubilee".
The Latin phrase dies natalis (literally "birth day") has become a common term, adopted in many languages, especially in intellectual and institutional circles, for the anniversary of the founding ("legal or statutory birth") of an institution, such as an alma mater (college or other school). In ancient Rome, the dies Aquilae natalis was the "birthday of the eagle", the anniversary of the official founding of a legion.
Anniversaries of nations are usually marked by the number of years elapsed, expressed with Latin words or Roman numerals.
Roman numerals were based on a duodecimal. From to they were expressed as multiples of twelfths ( uncia "twelfth"; the source of the English words inch and ounce) and from to they were expressed as multiple twelfths less than the next whole unit—i.e. a whole unit less , or respectively. There were also special terms for quarter ( quadrans), half ( semis), and three-quarters ( dodrans). Dodrans is a Latin contraction of de-quadrans which means "a whole unit less a quarter" ( de means "from"; quadrans means "quarter"). Thus for the example of 175 years, the term is a quarter century less than the next whole (bi)century or 175 = (−25 + 200).
In Latin, it seems that this rule did not apply precisely for . While secundus is Latin for "second", and bis for "twice", these terms are not used such as in sesqui-secundus. Instead sesqui (or ses) is used by itself.
| 'Biannual' means twice in a year, or a malapropism meaning once every two years ('biennial'). | |||
| Biannual | |||
| 'Biennial' means once every two years, or a malapropism meaning twice in a year ('biannual'). | |||
| Sexennial and sextennial are two different forms of the same word. | |||
| Sextennial | |||
| Aluminum | |||
| 12 years (150 months) | Parsley | A humorous or mock wedding anniversary celebrated in Northern Germany and the Netherlands, chosen because it is halfway to the silver anniversary. | |
| Sapphire is separately used for other anniversaries | |||
| Sexdecennial | |||
| Quinvigintennial | |||
| Trigintennial | Pearl | ||
| Tricennial | |||
| Quadragennial | Ruby jubilee | ||
| Semicentennial | Golden jubilee | Previously, "jubilee" by itself was used to indicate celebrations at 50 year intervals | |
| Quinquinquagennial | Emerald | ||
| Quinquinquagenary | |||
| Sexagennial | Diamond jubilee | Diamond is separately used for the 75th anniversary, its use for 60th years being popularized by Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria | |
| Sexagenary | |||
| Sapphire is separately used for other anniversaries | |||
| Septuagennial | Platinum jubilee | ||
| Septuagenary | |||
| Semisesquicentennial | Diamond jubilee | Diamond is separately used for the 60th anniversary. Semisesquicentennial can be broken down to understand its meaning: "semi" - half of + "sesqui" - in the ratio of 3:2 + "centennial" - 100 years. Broken out mathematically, 1/2 * 3/2 * 100 = 75. | |
| Demisesquicentennial | |||
| Octogintennial | Oak | ||
| Octogenary | |||
| Nonagintennial | Granite | ||
| Nonagenary | |||
| Centennial | Obsidian | ||
| Centenary | |||
| Term is broken down as quasqui- (and a quarter) centennial (100 years). Quasqui is a contraction from quadrans "a quarter" plus the clitic conjunction - que "and". The term was coined by Funk and Wagnalls editor Robert L. Chapman in 1961. | |||
| Term broken down as sesqui- (and a half) centennial (100 years) | |||
| Dodransbicentennial | Dodrans is a Latin contraction of de-quadrans which means "a whole unit less a quarter" ( de means "from"; quadrans means "quarter"). 175 years is a quarter century less than the next whole (bi)century (175 = 200 − 25). | ||
| Alternative Latin form of Dodransbicentennial | |||
| Alternative Latin form of Dodransbicentennial | |||
| Dosquicentennial has been used in modern times and this is perhaps a modern contraction of "de-quadrans". | |||
| Probably a modern coined term: demisemiseptcentennial; literally one-half (demi-) × one-half (semi-) × seven (sept-) × 100 years (centennial)—also demisemiseptcentenary."Pickle Barrel: 175th-birthday bash planned for Dillsburg." The Patriot-News (Mechanicsburg, Penn.), Wednesday, 18 June 2008. | |||
| Probably a modern coined term: quartoseptcentennial; literally one-quarter (quarto-) × seven (sept-) × 100 years (centennial)—also quartoseptcentenary. | |||
| A coined word for an anniversary of 175 years, but the elements of the word literally refer to an anniversary of 375 years, as follows: ter- (3) × quasqui- (1) × centennial (100 years) | |||
| Suggested by lexicographer Robert L. Chapman to William Safire; first appeared in Safire's column, "On Language" ( The New York Times Magazine, February 12, 1995). It is a coined word for an anniversary of 175 years, but the elements of the word literally refer to an anniversary of 35,000 years, as follows: septaquinta- (70) × quinque- (5) × centennial (100 years) | |||
| Bicentennial | Used by the United States Bicentennial. | ||
| Bicentenary | |||
| Sestercentennial | To express in Latin it would be expressed as "half-three". The term relates to being halfway from to the third integer. In Latin this is "Sestertius", which is a contraction of semis (halfway) tertius (third)—hence Sestercentennial. Used by Dartmouth College in 2019 . | ||
| Semi- (half) × quin- (5) × centennial (100 years) = 250 years. Used by Brown University in 2015. Also used by the United States Semiquincentennial. | |||
| Bi- (two) + sesqui- (and a half) x centennial (100 years) = 250 years. | |||
| Used by Princeton University in 1996, Reading, Pennsylvania in 1998, and Washington and Lee University in 1999. It is a coined word for an anniversary of 250 years: bi- (2) × cen(t)- (100) + quinquagenary (50 years). | |||
| Bicenterquasquigenary | |||
| Tercentennial | |||
| Tercentenary | |||
| Tricentennial | |||
| Tricentenary | |||
| Sesquarcentennial | Sesquarcentennial is a modern coined term; sesquarcentennial for 350 years is deduced here from the "Sestertius" definition for 250 years above. For 350 years it relates to being halfway from the third to the fourth integer; thus a contraction of semis (halfway) and quartus (fourth); hence Sesquarcentennial. Semiseptcennial is probably a modern coined term: semi- (half) × sept (7) × cen(t)- (100) × centennial (350 years). | ||
| Semiseptcentennial | |||
| Terquasquicentennial | |||
| Quadricentennial | |||
| Quadricentenary | |||
| Quatercentenary | |||
| Quincentenary | |||
| Quincentennial | |||
| Sexacentennial | |||
| Sexcentenary | |||
| Septcentennial | Probably a coined term; earliest known use in March 1988. Chiang Mai Septcentennial Stadium (Chiang Mai, Thailand) was completed in 1991. Architects 49: Selected and Current Work. (The Master Architect Series; 5.) Image Publishing Group, 2006. | ||
| Septuacentennial | |||
| Octocentennial | |||
| Octocentenary | |||
| Term broken down as sesqui- (one and a half) millennial (1000 years) | |||
There are variations according to some national traditions. There exist numerous partially overlapping, partially contradictory lists of anniversary gifts (such as wedding stones), separate from the "traditional" names. The concepts of a person's Birthstones and zodiac stone, by contrast, are fixed for life according to the day of the week, month, or astrological sign corresponding to the recipient's birthday.
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