天和 was a "year name" after Enpō and before Jōkyō. This period spanned the years from September 1681 through February 1684.[Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). " Tenna" ; n.b., Louis-Frédéric is pseudonym of Louis-Frédéric Nussbaum, see Deutsche Nationalbibliothek Authority File .] The reigning emperor was 霊元天皇.[Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Annales des empereurs du japon, pp. 414–415.]
Change of era
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天和元年: The new era name of Tenna (meaning "Heavenly Imperial Peace") was created to mark the 58th year of a cycle of the Chinese zodiac. The previous era ended and the new one commenced in Enpō 9, on the 29th day of the 9th month.
Events of the Tenna era
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1681 ( Tenna 1): In Edo, the investiture of Tokugawa Tsunayoshi as the fifth shōgun of the Edo bakufu.
[Titsingh, p. 414.]
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February 5, 1681 ( Tenna 1, 28th day of the 12th month): The Great Tenna Fire in Edo.
[Titsingh, p. 415.]
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1681 ( Tenna 2): A famine afflicts Heian-kyō and the nearby areas.
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March 3, 1683 ( Tenna 3, 5th day of the 2nd month): Yaoya Oshichi was burned at the stake for arson.
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1683 ( Tenna 3): Tokugawa shogunate grants permission for Mitsui money exchanges ( ryōgaeten) to be established in Edo.
[Hiroshi Shinjō. (1962). History of the Yen: 100 Years of Japanese Money-economy, p. 11.]
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1683 ( Tenna 4): The assassination of Hotta Masatoshi signals the end of government characterized by financial sobriety and stringency, and the beginning of a swing towards extravagance and the expansive spending policies of Tsunayoshi's chamberlains.
[Bodart-Bailey, Beatrice. (2006). The Dog Shogun: The Personality and Policies of Tokugawa Tsunayoshi, p. 183.]
Notes
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Bodart-Bailey, Beatrice. (2006). The Dog Shogun: The Personality and Policies of Tokugawa Tsunayoshi. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ; ; OCLC 470123491
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Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). Japan Encyclopedia. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ; OCLC 48943301
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Timon Screech (2006). Secret Memoirs of the Shoguns: Isaac Titsingh and Japan, 1779–1822. London: RoutledgeCurzon. ; OCLC 65177072
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Shinjō, Hiroshi. (1962). History of the Yen: 100 Years of Japanese Money-economy. Kobe: Research Institute for Economics & Business Administration, Kōbe University. OCLC 877519
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Isaac Titsingh. (1834). Nihon Ōdai Ichiran; ou, Annales des empereurs du Japon. Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691.
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