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   » » Wiki: Sowing
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Sowing is the process of planting seeds. An area that has had seeds planted in it will be described as a sowed or sown area.


Plants which are usually sown
Among the major field crops, , , and are sown, grasses and legumes are seeded and and are planted. In planting, wider rows (generally 75 cm (30 in) or more) are used, and the intent is to have precise; even spacing between individual seeds in the row, various mechanisms have been devised to count out individual seeds at exact intervals.


Depth of sowing
In sowing, little if any soil is placed over the seeds, as seeds can be generally sown into the soil by maintaining a planting depth of about 2-3 times the size of the seed.


Sowing types and patterns
For hand sowing, several sowing types exist; these include:
  • Flat sowing
  • Ridge sowing
  • Wide bed sowing

Several patterns for sowing may be used together with these types; these include:

  • Rows that are indented at the even rows (so that the seeds are placed in a crossed pattern). This method is much better, as more light may fall on the seedlings as they come out.
  • Symmetrical grid pattern – using the using the pattern described in The Garden of Cyrus


Types of sowing

Hand sowing
Hand sowing or (planting) is the process of casting handfuls of seed over prepared ground: broadcasting, that is, broadcast seeding (from which the is derived). Usually, a drag or harrow is employed to incorporate the seed into the soil. Though for any but small areas, this method is still used in some situations. Practice is required to sow evenly and at the desired rate. A hand seeder can be used for sowing, though it is less of a help than it is for the smaller seeds of and .

Hand sowing may be combined with pre-sowing in . This allows the plants to come to strength indoors during cold periods (e.g. spring in temperate countries).


Seed drill
In , most seed is now sown using a , which offers greater precision; seed is sown evenly and at the desired rate. The drill also places the seed at a measured distance below the soil, so that less seed is required. The standard design uses a fluted feed metering system, which is volumetric in nature; individual seeds are not counted. Rows are typically about 10–30 cm apart, depending on the species and growing conditions. Several row opener types are used depending on and local tradition. Grain drills are most often drawn by , but can also be pulled by . are sometimes used, since little draft is required.

A seed rate of about 100 kg of seed per hectare (2 bushels per acre) is typical, though rates vary considerably depending on crop species, soil conditions, and farmer's preference. Excessive rates can cause the crop to lodge, while too thin a rate will result in poor utilisation of the land, competition with and a reduction in the .


Open field
Open-field planting refers to the form of sowing used historically in the agricultural context whereby fields are prepared generically and left open, as the name suggests, before being sown directly with seed. The seed is frequently left uncovered at the surface of the soil before germinating and therefore exposed to the prevailing and conditions like storms etc. This is in contrast to the method used more commonly in domestic or more specific (modern) agricultural scenarios where the seed is applied beneath the soil surface and monitored and manually tended frequently to ensure more successful growth rates and better yields.


Pre-treatment of seed and soil before sowing
Before sowing, certain seeds first require a treatment prior to the sowing process. This treatment may be seed scarification, stratification, or seed cleaning with cold (or medium hot) water.

Seed soaking is generally done by placing seeds in medium hot water for at least 24 to up to 48 hours Seed cleaning is done especially with fruit, as the flesh of the fruit around the seed can quickly become prone to attack from insects or plagues. Sprout safety: how to combat contamination of seed Seed washing is generally done by submerging cleansed seeds 20 minutes in 50 water.Exotische vruchten kweken by Dr Gabriele Lehari This (rather hot than moderately hot) water kills any organisms that may have survived on the skin of a seed. Especially with easily infected such as and , seed washing with high-temperature water is vital.

In addition to the mentioned seed pretreatments, is also assisted when a disease-free soil is used. Especially when trying to germinate difficult seed (e.g. certain tropical fruit), prior treatment of the soil (along with the usage of the most suitable soil; e.g. , prepared soil or other substrates) is vital. The two most used soil treatments are and sterilisation. Depending on the necessity, pasteurisation is to be preferred as this does not kill all organisms. Sterilisation can be done when trying to grow truly difficult crops. To pasteurise the soil, the soil is heated for 15 minutes in an oven of 120 °C.


See also
  • Plant propagation
  • Planter (farm implement)
  • Priming (agriculture)
  • ; a mechanical aid allowing much better and faster seed dispersal than when done by hand

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