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In fluid dynamics, slosh refers to the movement of liquid inside another object (which is, typically, also undergoing motion).
Strictly speaking, the liquid must have a free surface to constitute a slosh dynamics problem, where the dynamics of the liquid can interact with the container to alter the system dynamics significantly.Moiseyev, N.N. & V.V. Rumyantsev. "Dynamic Stability of Bodies Containing Fluid." Springer-Verlag, 1968. Important examples include propellant slosh in spacecraft tanks and (especially upper stages), and the free surface effect (cargo slosh) in ships and trucks transporting liquids (for example oil and gasoline). However, it has become common to refer to liquid motion in a completely filled tank, i.e. without a free surface, as "fuel slosh".
Such motion is characterized by "" and can be an important effect in spinning spacecraft dynamics. Extensive mathematical and empirical relationships have been derived to describe liquid slosh. (2025). 9780521881111, Cambridge University press. ISBN 9780521881111 These types of analyses are typically undertaken using computational fluid dynamics and finite element methods to solve the fluid-structure interaction problem, especially if the solid container is flexible. Relevant fluid dynamics non-dimensional parameters include the Bond number, the Weber number, and the Reynolds number.
Slosh is an important effect for spacecraft, ships, some land vehicles and some aircraft. Slosh was a factor in the Falcon 1 second test flight anomaly, and has been implicated in various other spacecraft anomalies, including a near-disaster with the Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous (NEAR Shoemaker) satellite.
Another example is problematic interaction with the spacecraft's Attitude Control System (ACS), especially for spinning satellitesHubert, C. "Behavior of Spinning Space Vehicles with Onboard Liquids." NASA GSFC Symposium, 2003. which can suffer resonance between slosh and nutation, or adverse changes to the rotational inertia. Because of these types of risk, in the 1960s the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) extensively studiedAbramson, H.N. "The Dynamic Behavior of Liquids in Moving Containers." NASA SP-106, 1966. liquid slosh in spacecraft tanks, and in the 1990s NASA undertook the Middeck 0-Gravity Dynamics ExperimentCrawley, E.F. & M.C. Van Schoor & E.B. Bokhour. "The Middeck 0-Gravity Dynamics Experiment: Summary Report", NASA-CR-4500, Mar 1993. on the Space Shuttle. The European Space Agency has advanced these investigationsVreeburg, J.P.B. "Measured States of SLOSHSAT FLEVO", IAC-05-C1.2.09, Oct 2005.Prins, J.J.M. "SLOSHSAT FLEVO Project, Flight and Lessons Learned", IAC-05-B5.3./B5.5.05, Oct 2005.Luppes, R. & J.A. Helder & A.E.P. Veldman. "Liquid Sloshing in Microgravity", IAC-05-A2.2.07, Oct 2005. with the launch of Sloshsat-FLEVO. Most spinning spacecraft since 1980 have been tested at the Applied Dynamics Laboratories drop tower using sub-scale models. Extensive contributions have also been made by the Southwest Research Institute, but research is widespread in academia and industry.
Research is continuing into slosh effects on in-outer space . In October 2009, the United States Air Force and United Launch Alliance (ULA) performed an experimental on-orbit demonstration on a modified Centaur upper stage on the DMSP-18 satellite launch in order to improve "understanding of propellant settling and slosh", "The light weight of DMSP-18 allowed of remaining LO2 and LH2 propellant, 28% of Centaur’s capacity", for the on-orbit tests. The post-spacecraft mission extension ran 2.4 hours before the planned deorbit burn was executed. ulalaunch.com ; Successful Flight Demonstration Conducted by the Air Force and United Launch Alliance Will Enhance Space Transportation: DMSP-18, United Launch Alliance, October 2009, accessed 2011-01-10.
NASA's Launch Services Program is working on two on-going slosh fluid dynamics experiments with partners: CRYOTE and SPHERES-Slosh. nasa.gov ULA has additional small-scale demonstrations of cryogenic fluid management are planned with project CRYOTE in 2012–2014 leading to a ULA large-scale cryo-sat propellant depot test under the NASA flagship technology demonstrations program in 2015.
spirit.as.utexas.edu ; Propellant Depots Made Simple, Bernard Kutter, United Launch Alliance, FISO Colloquium, 2010-11-10, accessed 2011-01-10. SPHERES-Slosh with Florida Institute of Technology and Massachusetts Institute of Technology will examine how liquids move around inside containers in microgravity with the SPHERES Testbed on the International Space Station.
The Bloodhound LSR 1,000 mph project car utilizes a liquid-fuelled rocket that requires a specially-baffled oxidizer tank to prevent directional instability, rocket thrust variations and even oxidizer tank damage.
The effect of slosh is used to limit the bounce of a roller hockey ball. Water slosh can significantly reduce the rebound height of a ballSport ball for roller hockey; U.S. Patent 5516098; May 14, 1996; Jeffrey Aiello. but some amounts of liquid seem to lead to a resonance effect. Many of the balls for roller hockey commonly available contain water to reduce the bounce height.
Sloshing in road tank vehicles
Liquid sloshing strongly influences the directional dynamics and safety performance of highway Tank truck in a highly adverse manner. Hydrodynamic and moments arising from liquid cargo oscillations in the tank under steering and/or braking maneuvers reduce the stability limit and controllability of partially-filled Tank truck. Anti-slosh devices such as baffles are widely used in order to limit the adverse liquid slosh effect on directional performance and stability of the Tank truck. Since most of the time, tankers are carrying dangerous liquid contents such as ammonia, gasoline and fuel oils, stability of partially-filled liquid cargo vehicles is very important. Optimizations and sloshing reduction techniques in fuel tanks such as elliptical tank, rectangular, modified oval and generic tank shape have been performed in different filling levels using numerical, analytical and analogical analyses. Most of these studies concentrate on effects of baffles on sloshing while the influence of cross-section is completely ignored.
Practical effects
Sloshing or shifting cargo, water Sailing ballast, or other liquid (e.g., from leaks or fire fighting) can cause disastrous capsize in ships due to free surface effect; this can also affect trucks and aircraft.
See also
Other references
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