Saṃjñā (Sanskrit; Pali: sañña) is a Buddhism term that is typically translated as "perception" or "cognition." It can be defined as grasping at distinguishing features or characteristics. Samjñā has multiple meanings depending on religions. Although Samjñā means the five aggregates in Buddhism, in Hinduism, it refers to art traditions and in Jainism, it points to recognition distinct from cognition.
Saṃjñā is identified within the Buddhist teachings as follows:
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One of the five Skandha
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One of the seven universal mental factors in the Theravada Abhidharma.
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One of the five universal mental factors in the Mahayana Abhidharma
Definitions
Theravada
Bhikkhu Bodhi states:
According to the Theravada tradition, saññā experiences the same object as the citta it accompanies but it performs its own task: it 'perceives' or 'recognizes' the object and it 'marks' it so that it can be recognized again.
The Atthasālinī (I, Part IV, Chapter 1, 110) provides the following two definitions for saññā:
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...It has the characteristic of noting and the function of recognizing what has been previously noted. There is no such thing as perception in the four planes of existence without the characteristic of noting. All perceptions have the characteristic of noting. Of them, that perceiving which knows by specialized knowledge has the function of recognizing what has been noted previously. We may see this procedure when the carpenter recognizes a piece of wood which he has marked by specialized knowledge...
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Perception has the characteristic of perceiving by an act of general inclusion, and the function of making marks as a condition for repeated perception (for recognizing or remembering), as when woodcutters 'perceive' logs and so forth. Its manifestation is the action of interpreting by means of the sign as apprehended, as in the case of blind persons who 'see' an elephant. Or, it has briefness as manifestation, like lightning, owing to its inability to penetrate the object. Its proximate cause is whatever object has appeared, like the perception which arises in young deer mistaking scarecrows for men.
Mahayana
The Abhidharma-samuccaya states:
Mipham Rinpoche states:
Alexander Berzin gives the following informal explanation:
Within the five aggregates
Saṃjñā is identified as one of the five
Skandha, as shown in the following diagram:
In the early Buddhist literature
In the early
Buddhism Theravadin texts of the Nikāyas and Āgamas,
saṃjñā/
sañña is the third of the five
Skandha (Skt.:
skandha; Pali:
khandha) which can be used to skillfully delineate phenomenological experiences during meditation.
[See, for instance, the Satipatthana Sutta.] Whether as one of the Five Aggregates, meditative concentration (
samādhi) on the passing and rising (P.
vipassana, S.
vipaśyanā) of sañña can lead to mindfulness (P.
sati, S.
smṛti), clear comprehension (P.
sampajanna, S.
samprajaña)
bodhi and
Arhat (see Table).
In the Pali Canon, sañña is frequently defined as:
In post-canonical Pali Atthakatha, the Visuddhimagga likens sañña to "a child without discretion."
Citations
Works cited
