A sarong or a sarung (, ) is a large tube or length of textile, often wrapped around the waist, worn in Southeast Asia, South Asia, Western Asia, Northern Africa, East Africa,
The unisex sarong is typically longer than the men's lungi.
Etymology
The term
sarong is a loanword from
Malay language sarong (, old spelling: ), meaning 'to cover' or 'to sheath'.
It was first used in 1834 referring to the skirt-like garment of the Malays.
Sarong is the older Malay spelling, still used colloquially and persists in English, while sarung () is the standardised form of the word.
Variants of the term are found across Asia, such as Tamil language (), Arabic language (صارون); and Sinhala language (සරම).
In West Africa, the word srong or sorong is found in the Akan language language, and this word means "the highest point", in reference to the garment being fastened at the very top in order to secure it.
Overview
COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Sarongweefster uit Bandoeng Java TMnr 10014439.jpg|Sundanese people sarong weaver in Bandung, West Java, present-day Indonesia, 1900–1940
Chau Doc textile.jpg|Sarung denotes a length of fabric as a garment.
Sarong or sarung denotes the lower garment worn by men and women. This consists of a length of fabric about a yard (0.91 m) wide and two-and-a-half yards (2.3 m) long. In the center of this sheet, across the narrower width, a panel of contrasting color or pattern about one foot wide is woven or dyed into the fabric, which is known as the kepala or "head" of the sarong. This sheet is stitched at the narrower edges to form a tube. One steps into this tube, brings the upper edge above the level of the navel (the hem should be level with the ankles), positions the kepala at the center of the back, and folds in the excess fabric from both sides to the front center, where they overlap and secure the sarong by rolling the upper hem down over itself. Malay people men wear sarongs woven in a check pattern, while women wear sarongs dyed in the batik method. However, in Javanese people, the wearing of batik sarongs is common and not restricted to a particular gender; sometimes they are also worn on formal occasions such as weddings.
The sarong is common wear for women in formal settings with a kebaya blouse. Malay people men wear sarongs in public only when attending Friday prayers at the mosque, but sarongs remain very common casual wear at home for men of all ethnicities and religions in Brunei, Indonesia, Philippines, Cambodia, Malaysia, Singapore, Sri Lanka, and much of the Indian subcontinent.
Regional variations
Arabian Peninsula
Bayt al-Faqih market.jpg| men in traditional Saroon
Bait al-Faqih.jpg| man tying his Saroon. Sometimes people keep money or small utensils in the folds of the futah.
BronzeManNashqum.jpg|Bronze statue of a Yemeni man wearing a Saroon
Sarongs known under a variety of local names are traditionally worn by the people of Yemen and elsewhere on the Arabian Peninsula. Local names for the garment include , , izaar, , maqtab and (pl. ). In Hadhramaut, Yemen sarongs are called Saroon ( ) in the interior and the coastal region. In Oman, sarongs are called and are often white in color, similar to the mundu of the Indian subcontinent and it is usually worn under the Thawb. In Saudi Arabia, sarongs are known as izaar. Designs can be checkered or striped as well floral or arabesque, but double plaid (i.e., a vertical section of the with a different plaid pattern) designs from Indonesia are also very popular. In southwestern Saudi Arabia, tribal groups have their own style of unstitched , which is locally woven. This is also worn in northern Yemen. However, the tribal groups in Yemen each have their own design for their , the latter of which may include tassels and fringes. It is thought that this tribal resembles the original as worn on the Arabian Peninsula since pre-Islamic times such as the Shendyt. They are generally worn open and unstitched in such a way that the garment does not reach over one's ankles. Other , often imported from Bangladesh, are the traditional clothing of Arab fishermen of the Persian Gulf, the Indian Ocean and the Red Sea. It was the traditional garment for men before the introduction of pant-like pajamas and during the Turkish and European colonial periods. Tube-stitched, as well as open sarongs, are both worn, even informal Thawb-wearing countries, as casual sleepwear and at home.
Indian subcontinent
Sarongs, very similar to those of South-East Asia and completely different from the Indian subcontinent (excluding Sri Lanka) are widespread – in the state of
Manipur, where they are called
phanek and
Mekhela chador in
Assam which are very similar to traditional attire of other South-East Asian nations. In the South
states of
Kerala, they are called
mundu (if fully white or fully black) and
lungi or
lungi if coloured, and in
Tamil Nadu, they are called
lungi or
lungi or
veshti or
lungi and are usually worn at home. A standard lungi measures 2.12 by 1.2 metres.
Unlike the brightly colored Southeast Asian sarongs, the Kerala variety (the mundu) is more often plain white and is worn for ceremonial or religious purposes. In Kerala, the brightly coloured sarongs are called kaily and the white ones are called mundu. The more formal, all-white dhoti is worn for formal and religious occasions. While there are dresses based on the mundu which can be worn by women, they more commonly wear the sari.
Sri Lanka
Sarongs are very common in
Sri Lanka and worn only by men. (A similar garment is worn by women. However, the women's garment is called
redda, which is a wrap-around skirt.) It is the standard garment for most men in rural and even some urban communities. However, most men of upper social classes (whose public attire is usually trousers) wear the sarong only for ceremonial purposes, as a convenient night garment or only within the confines of the house. The Tamil-speaking communities, the Sri Lankan Tamils and the Sri Lankan Moors people also call it or .
Statistically, the number of people wearing sarong as their primary public attire is on the decline in Sri Lanka, the reason being that the sarong carries the stigma of being the attire for less-educated lower social classes. However, there is a trend toward adopting the sarong as a fashionable garment or as a formal garment worn with national pride, only on special occasions.
Horn of Africa
Sarongs are ubiquitous in
Somalia and the
Muslim-inhabited areas of the Horn of Africa. Although
and urban
Somali people men have worn them for centuries in the form of a plain white
skirt, the colorful
macawiis (ma'awiis) sarong, which is the most popular form of the garment in the region. Before the 1940s, most
macawiis were made of
cotton. However, since the industrialization of the market, they now come in many fabrics and combinations thereof, including
polyester,
nylon and
silk.
Designs vary greatly and range from checkered square motifs with watermarked diamonds and plaid to simple geometric lines. The one constant is that they tend to be quite colorful; black macawiis are rare. Macawiis in Somalia are worn around the waist and folded several times over to secure their position. They are typically sold pre-sewn as one long circular stretch of cloth, though some vendors offer to sew them as a value-added service.
Southeast Asia
Indonesia
In
Indonesia the sarong is generally known as a kain sarung ('sarong cloth') except for in
Bali where it carries the name kamben, possibly etymologically related to
kemben (Javanese torso wrap). The sarung or sarong is often described as an Indonesian skirt; it is a large tube or length of fabric, often wrapped around the waist and worn by men and women throughout much of the Indonesian archipelago.
The sarong is also commonly described as a unisex tubular skirt.
The most common design of the Indonesian sarong is woven cloth with checkered motifs, usually used by Muslim men for salah prayer. This kind of sarong cloth is stitched together to create a tubular skirt-like lower garment. In Bali, sarongs are not stitched together as a tube, but remain as a piece of cloth to wrap around the waist and secured with a knot.
Other than common checkered motifs, other woven or print methods might be employed, such as batik, ikat, songket, and other kinds of tenun traditional woven clothes. Sarongs are used by various ethnic groups in Indonesia. They are made from a variety of materials such as cotton, polyester or silk.
In 2019, in an effort to promote and popularize the sarong among its people, the government encouraged Indonesians to wear the sarong in public at least once a month. President Joko Widodo said the sarong is a significant element of Indonesian culture and that wearing it will be a sign of appreciation for sarong craftsmen.
Malaysia
In
Malaysia, the sarong is known as a kain. The word kain is paired with specific words to specify its type and function such as kain pelikat (a type of sarong with a simple stripe and box pattern), kain sarung,
kain tenun (woven sarong), kain batik (sarong with batik motifs and design, normally worn by women and paired with a
kebaya or
Baju Kurung) or kain samping or sampin (specialized sarong worn by men with
Baju Melayu). In the Malaysian state of
Sarawak, it is called sabok (for men) and tapeh (for women).
Since 2017, special celebrations around Malaysia Day are held to encourage the wearing of sarong in public spaces as well as taking the railway system called the Keretapi Sarong ('Sarong Train').
Philippines
Similar sarong-like native garments from the
Philippines are generally known as
tapis in
Luzon,
alampay in the
Igorot people highlands,
patadyong in the islands of
Visayas and
Sulu Archipelago, and
malong in
Mindanao. They are worn by both men and women and can be rectangular or tube-like. They can be knee-length or ankle-length and come in various colors that are usually unique to the specific ethnic group that wove them. They can also serve as shawls or blankets. They were paired with close-fitting shirts or jackets known as
baro or
bayu.
[So, Michelle P. (17 April 20080. "Caught in the Net: 'Tapis' cops" (editorial column) (). Sun Star Cebu.]
Among the Maranao people, the malong is featured in the folk dance kapa malong malong which shows the various ways that the malong can be utilized.
During the Spanish colonial era, the tapis was worn over a longer skirt ( saya or falda) due to the shortness of the tapis being deemed too immodest by the Spanish clergy to be worn alone. It evolved over time to become part of the traditional Filipino dress for women, the baro't saya.
File:Parangal Dance Co. performing Kappa Malong Malong at 14th AF-AFC 07.JPG| Kapa malong malong, a traditional Maranao people dance featuring the many uses of the malong
File:Spanish mestizo costume.jpg|French people illustration of a Spanish-Filipino mestizo couple c. 1846, showing the traditional way of wearing the tapis by women
File:Tube shirt (patadyong) from the Philippines, Sulu Archipelago, Honolulu Museum of Art .jpg|A patadyong from the Sulu Archipelago in the Honolulu Museum of Art
File:Skirt from northern Luzon, late 1990s, cotton, glass beads, plain weave, warp-faced, Honolulu Museum of Art.JPG|Igorot people alampay in the Honolulu Museum of Art
File:Skirt from Bagobo, Mindanao, abacá (Musa textilis), Honolulu Museum of Art 7908.1.JPG|Bagobo people malong woven from abaca fiber
File:USAID Measuring Impact Conservation Enterprise Retrospective (Philippines; Kalahan Educational Foundation) (40246611432).jpg| T'nalak textiles woven from abaca fiber
Western world
In North and South America as well as Europe, hip wraps are worn as beach wear or as a cover-up over
swimwear. The wrap is often made of a thin, light fabric, often
rayon, and may feature decorative fringing on both sides. They may have ties, which are long thin straps of fabric which the wearer can tie together to prevent the wrap from falling down. These wraps are mostly worn by women as beach cover-ups and do not usually resemble traditional Asian or African sarongs in size, pattern or design. Western men who wear male sarongs are influenced by the Scottish kilt or
lavalava within the Polynesian or Samoan culture. Typically sarongs are worn by men when they are at home, the beach, by the pool, or on a cruise.
Securing
Numerous tying methods exist to hold a sarong to the wearer's body. In some cases, these techniques customarily differ according to the sex of wearer. If a sarong has ties, they may be used to hold it in place. Sarong ties give the wearer a little extra hold and security.
If no ties exist, a pin may be used, the fabric may be tightly tucked under itself in layers, the corners of the main sheet may be wrapped around the body and knotted, or a belt may be used to hold the sarong in place.
Similar garments
The basic garment known in English most often as a
sarong, sewn or unsewn, has analogs in many regions, where it shows variations in style and is known by different names.
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Africa
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In Madagascar it is called a lamba.
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In Malawi it is called a chitenje.
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In Mauritius it is called a pareo.
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In Mozambique it is called a capulana.
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In Somalia and Djibouti it is called a or, less commonly, hoosgunti.
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Along the Swahili Coast, it is called either a kanga (worn by African women), or a kikoy, traditionally worn by men and used with much simpler designs, however, it is used more frequently in high fashion. Kangas are brightly coloured lengths of cotton that incorporate elaborate and artistic designs and usually include the printing of a Swahili proverb along the hem.
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In South Africa it is called a kikoi and commonly used as a furniture throw or for going to the beach.
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In Zambia they are known as chitenge.
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Brazil
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Kangas or cangas are used in Brazil as swimwear by women. They are readily available at beaches and Littoral zone cities, but are also found in shops in the countryside for swimming in pools or rivers.
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Middle East
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In Saudi Arabia, it is called (Arabic: فوطه).
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In Yemen, it is called either (Arabic: فوطه) or (Arabic: معوز).
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Indian subcontinent
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In South India it is called a lungi. It is most often sewn into a large cylindrical shape, so there is no slit when the phanek or lungi is tied.
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In eastern India and Bangladesh it is known as a lungi.
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In Northeastern India traditional clothing are the phanek in Manipur and mekhela in Assam which are very similar to the traditional attire of other South-East Asian nations.
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In South India it is called in Tamil language, in Telugu language, in Kannada, and mundu in Malayalam.
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In the southernmost districts of Tamil Nadu, it is also known as , possibly influenced from Sri Lanka from the trading days.
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In the Maldives, and Indian state of Kerala, it is known as a mundu, feyli
[ Sarong, The British Museum] or neriyathu.
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In Punjab region it is a called chadra.
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In Sri Lanka it is called saram in Tamil, and in Sinhalese.
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Southeast Asia
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In Cambodia សារុង /saaroŋ/
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In Indonesia, it is generally known as sarung or kain sarung, but in larger extent in Indonesian languages it can be known as cawat, cindai, tapih, tapis, lunggi, lurik, pareo, palepai, jarit, jarik, sinjang, kampuh, poleng, sindai, selongsong, wiru, and wiron.
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In Laos and Isan (northwestern Thailand), it is called a sinh (, , ), as well as sarong.
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In Malaysia it is known as a kain, kain pelikat, kain sarung, kain tenun, kain batik, or kain sampin (specialised sarong worn by men with Baju Melayu). In the Malaysian state of Sarawak, it is called sabok (for men) and tapeh (for women).
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In Myanmar, it is known as a longyi.
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In the Philippines it is generally known as malong (in Mindanao), patadyong (in Visayas and the Sulu Archipelago), and tapis (in Luzon). It can function as a skirt for both men and women, a turban, niqab, hijab, a dress, a blanket, a sunshade, a bedsheet, a "dressing room", a hammock, a prayer mat, and other purposes. During the Spanish colonial period, it evolved into a distinctive outer covering of the skirt for the baro't saya.
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In Thailand, it is known as a () for men and a () for women.
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Pacific Islands
Image:Khmer Traditional Dancing.jpg|A traditional Khmer dancer wearing a sampot in Cambodia
File:Coffee Bean Batik sarong, Indonesia.jpg|The batik sarong in "Kawung" pattern, Java, Indonesia
File:Fabián de la Rosa - Filipina.jpg|The tapis of the traditional colonial Filipino people baro't saya dress, evolved from a sarong-like wrap with the addition of a long skirt ( saya) underneath, due to Spanish demands for modesty
In the media
The American public is most familiar with the sarong for the dozens of
set in the South Seas, most of them romantic dramas made in the 1930s and 1940s.
Dorothy Lamour is by far the actress most linked with the garment, which was designed by
Edith Head. Lamour starred in multiple films of this genre, starting with
The Hurricane in 1937. In fact, Lamour was nicknamed "The Sarong Girl" by the press and even wore a sarong on occasion in more traditional films. Among the other actresses to don the sarong for film roles are
Maria Montez,
Gilda Gray,
Myrna Loy,
Gene Tierney,
Frances Farmer and
Movita. Male stars who wore the manly sarongs on film include Jon Hall,
Ray Milland,
Tyrone Power, Robert Preston and
Sabu Dastagir, as well as
Ralph Fiennes in
The Constant Gardener and Pierce Brosnan in
The Thomas Crown Affair.
The 2005 documentary film Soldiers in Sarong, directed by Lokendra Arambam, depicts the women's resistance movement in Manipur.
In Singapore, the term Sarong Party Girl refers to a local single Singaporean woman especially of Chinese ethnicity who favor socializing and having relationships with expatriate Caucasian men rather than the local ones.
See also
External links
