, a Roman Empire rump state following the
collapse of the Western Roman Empire.]]
A
rump state is the remnant of a once much larger state that was reduced in the wake of
annexation, occupation,
secession,
decolonization, a successful coup d'état or
revolution on part of its former
territory.
In the last case, a government stops short of going into exile because it controls parts of its remaining territories.
Examples
Ancient history
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During the Second Intermediate Period, following the conquest of Lower Egypt by the Hyksos, there was a rump Egyptian kingdom in Upper Egypt centered on Thebes, which eventually reunified the country at the start of the New Kingdom.
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The Seleucid Empire became a rump state in Northern Syria after losing most of its territory to the Parthian Empire.
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After the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in Gaul, the Kingdom of Soissons survived as a rump state under Aegidius and Syagrius, until it was conquered by the Francia under Clovis I in 486.
Post-classical history
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Guge and Maryul was a rump state of the Tibetan Empire.
[: " Mar-yul (literally "lower land") is the common Tibetan name for the Leh district in Ladakh. Mngah-ris ( Mnga-ris), although now restricted to West Tibet, then referred to the entire territory between the Zoji and Mayum passes."]
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The Sultanate of Rum was a rump state of the Seljuk Empire.
[Richard Todd (2014), The Sufi Doctrine of Man: Ṣadr al-Dīn al-Qūnawī's Metaphysical Anthropology, p. 6]
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Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia was an Armenian rump state in Cilicia.
[ Norman Davies. , p. 335]
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After the Almoravid conquest of the Taifa of Zaragoza in 1110, the taifa's last ruler, Abd-al-Malik, maintained a tiny rump emirate at Rueda de Jalón until his death in 1130.
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Qara Khitai was a rump state of the Liao dynasty.
[Grousset, René (1970). The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia. p. 166. ISBN 9780813513041.]
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After the Jin dynasty assumed control over northern China in 1127, the Southern Song existed as a rump state of the Northern Song dynasty, although it still retained over half of Northern Song's territory and more than half of its population.
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Several Byzantine Empire rump states like Nicaea, Trebizond, Morea, Theodoro and Epirus were formed following conquests from Muslim Turks and Crusaders.
[ The Columbia history of the world by John Arthur Garraty, Peter Gay (1972), p. 454: "The Greek empire in exile at Nicaea proved too strong to be driven out of Asia Minor, and in Epirus another Greek dynasty defied the intruders".][ A Short history of Greece from early times to 1964 by W. A. Heurtley, H. C. Darby, C. W. Crawley, C. M. Woodhouse (1967), p. 55: "There in the prosperous city of Nicaea, Theodoros Laskaris, the son in law of a former Byzantine Emperor, establish a court that soon become the Small but reviving Greek empire."][This is the date determined by Franz Babinger, "La date de la prise de Trébizonde par les Turcs (1461)", Revue des études byzantines, 7 (1949), pp.
]
205–207
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After the Ming dynasty established control over China proper in 1368, the Yuan dynasty retreated to the Mongolian Plateau and survived as a rump state called the Northern Yuan.
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After the Fragmentation of the Golden Horde in the early 15th century, the Great Horde (first mentioned in the 1430s) survived as its rump state in the heartland of the former Khanate in lower Volga, until the Crimean Khanate destroyed it by sacking its capital city of New Sarai in 1502, absorbing its remaining territory.
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The Timurid Empire reduced into a rump state in Kabulistan and Balkh under Babur after most of its territory in Khorasan and Central Asia falls to Shaybanid Khanate of Bukhara in 1500s, the state later turned into the Mughal Empire after the Babur's conquest of Delhi in 1526.
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By summer 1503, Aq Qoyunlu rule collapsed in Iran. Some Aq Qoyunlu rump states continued to survive until 1508, before they were absorbed into the Safavid Empire by Ismail I.
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After the fall of the Malacca Sultanate in 1511 to the Portuguese naval forces, many of the Malaccan royalty and nobility retreated to the southern region of the Malay Peninsula and established the Johor Sultanate.
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After the Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire in 1532, the Neo-Inca State based at Vilcabamba survived as a rump state until 1572.
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The Afsharid Dynasty survived as a rump state in Mashhad and surrounding after most of its territory in Iran and Khorasan conquered by the Zand Dynasty and Durrani Empire, until the region finally annexed by the Qajar Dynasty in 1796.
Modern history
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The modern country of Luxembourg is the rump state of the former Duchy of Luxembourg, which lost two thirds of its territory due to multiple partitions between 1659 and 1839. This was cemented by the Treaty of London, which gave most of its former territory to newly independent Belgium.
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The modern-day state of Brunei is a rump state of the former Bruneian Sultanate (1368–1888), which once encompassed much of northern Borneo. The nation declined sharply during the 19th century, eventually falling under a British protectorate and reduced to its present size by 1901. Brunei would ultimately regain its independence in 1984, remaining a small remnant of the former empire still ruled by the House of Bolkiah, which has governed the nation throughout almost its entire existence.
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During the Russian Civil War, the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic served as a rump state of the Russian Empire and, formally, of the short-lived Russian Republic.
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The Republic of German-Austria was created in 1918 as the initial rump state for areas with a predominantly German-speaking population within what had been the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
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The Republic of Armenia became a rump state in 1920 following the Ankara Government victory in the Turkish–Armenian War.
[Mirzoyan, Alla (2010). Armenia, the Regional Powers, and the West: Between History and Geopolitics, Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 188—189][Hovannisian Richard G. Armenian Sebastia/Sivas and Lesser Armenia, p. 430]
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In 1918-1919, after World War I, a succession of several short-lived rump states existed within the historical territory of Hungary: the First Hungarian Republic (1918–1919), the Hungarian Soviet Republic (March – August 1919),
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The Second Czechoslovak Republic was the result of the events following the Munich Agreement, where Czechoslovakia was forced to cede the German-populated Sudetenland region to Nazi Germany on 1 October 1938. The state existed for 169 days during which it lost the region of Carpathian Ruthenia.
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The fascist Italian Social Republic, a German puppet state led by Benito Mussolini, was a rump state of the Kingdom of Italy (1943–1945).
[James Hartfield, Unpatriotic History of the Second World War, , 2012, p. 424][Eric Morris, Circles of Hell: The War in Italy 1943-1945, , 1993, p. 140]
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The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1992–2003) / Serbia and Montenegro (2003–2006) was often viewed as the rump state left behind by the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1945–1992) after it broke up.
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Taiwan under the Kuomintang rule was the rump state of the Republic of China left over after the retreat from the mainland.
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The Republic of Turkey was a rump state left over in Anatolia after the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and the consequent loss of its territory in Northern Africa, The Middle East, and Europe (amounting to 89% of its former size).
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The Russian Federation was the rump state and legal successor of the Soviet Union, following its dissolution in 1991.
[Fiona Hill, The “greatest catastrophe” of the 21st century? Brexit and the dissolution of the U.K., June 24, 2016]
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the Democratic Republic of Yemen was the rump state of South Yemen, established during the 1994 Yemeni civil war, it eventually collapsed once the Government retook control.
See also
Citations
Sources
