In Roman law, the Latin adjective privatus makes a legal distinction between that which is "private" and that which is publicus, "public" in the sense of pertaining to the SPQR (populus Romanus).
Used as a substantive, the term privatus refers to a citizen who is not a public official or a member of the Roman army.[Adolf Berger, Encyclopedic Dictionary of Roman Law (American Philological Association, 1953), p. 651.] Increasingly throughout the Roman Republic, the privatus was nevertheless sometimes granted imperium during a crisis; the definition of crisis was elastic, and the amassing of power by unelected individuals ( privati) contributed to the breakdown of the checks and balances of the republican system.[T. Corey Brennan, The Praetorship in the Roman Republic (Oxford University Press, 2000), pp. 154 online, 610, et passim.]
Legal terms
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Res privatae, private property, or "things belonging to individuals," in contrast to .
[Berger, Encyclopedic Dictionary of Roman Law, p. 670.]
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Res privata Caesaris, the property of the Roman emperor that was purely private.
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Ager privatus, privately owned land as distinguished from ager publicus.
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Actiones privatae, legal action protecting an individual's private interests; similar to iudicia privata, referring to presided over by the iudex privatus (below).
[Berger, Encyclopedic Dictionary of Roman Law, p. 347.]
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Iter privatum, a private road.
[Berger, Encyclopedic Dictionary of Roman Law, p. 517.]
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Carcer privatus, a private prison. This form of incarceration was used for slaves, and in early time for debtors who failed to pay their creditors (see nexum). The emperors Zeno and Justinian prohibited private prisons.
[Berger, Encyclopedic Dictionary of Roman Law, p. 381.]
Iudex privatus
The
iudex privatus was a
sole arbitrator or lay judge who conducted a
civil case to which the parties had consented and who usually nominated him. In the event that the parties could not agree on a judge, he was chosen from an official list of potential judges drawn up by the
praetor. He was also called a
iudex unus.
[George Mousourakis, The Historical and Institutional Context of Roman Law (Ashgate, 2003), p. 128 online.]
See also
