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Racetams, also sometimes known simply as pyrrolidones, are a class of that share a pyrrolidone nucleus. Many, but not all, specifically have a 2-carbonyl group-1-pyrrolidine acetamide (piracetam) nucleus. Some racetams, such as piracetam, aniracetam, oxiracetam, pramiracetam, and phenylpiracetam, are considered . Phenylpiracetam is also a stimulant. Others, such as levetiracetam, brivaracetam, and seletracetam, are .
Like some , some racetams, such as piracetam and aniracetam, are positive allosteric modulators of the AMPA receptor.
Racetams are understood to work by allosterically modulating glutamate receptors, specifically AMPA receptors, leading to Ca2+ influx that is excitatory. Racetams are posited to enhance memory through interaction with glutamate receptors in the central nervous system.
Phenylpiracetam, unique among racetams in being a phenethylamine and stimulant, is an atypical dopamine reuptake inhibitor.
Anticonvulsant racetams, including levetiracetam, brivaracetam, and seletracetam, act as synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A (SV2A) ligands. A newer analogue of these agents, padsevonil, is no longer a racetam itself but is much more potent in comparison and interacts with not only SV2A but also synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2B (SV2B) and synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2C (SV2C).
Methylphenylpiracetam, a derivative of phenylpiracetam, is a positive allosteric modulator of the sigma receptor σ1 receptor. It is currently the only racetam known to possess this action.
| Piracetam |
| Oxiracetam |
| Phenylpiracetam / Fonturacetam |
| Phenylpiracetam Hydrazide / Fonturacetam Hydrazide |
| Aniracetam |
| Pramiracetam |
| Seletracetam |
| Levetiracetam |
| Coluracetam / BCI-540 |
| Fasoracetam |
| Brivaracetam |
| Dimiracetam |
| Methylphenylpiracetam / E1R |
| Nebracetam |
| Nefiracetam |
| Omberacetam / Noopept |
| Rolziracetam |
| Cebaracetam |
Racetams are cyclic compound derivatives of the inhibitory neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). They are also structurally related to the endogenous cyclic amino acid pyroglutamic acid (pyroglutamate), a cyclic analogue of the endogenous excitatory neurotransmitter glutamic acid (glutamate).
Some agents included in the racetam family are not technically racetams themselves in terms of chemical structure and instead are closely related compounds. They may be referred to as "racetam-like". These agents include aloracetam, molracetam, omberacetam (noopept), padsevonil, and tenilsetam.
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