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Portage or portaging (Canadian English: ; ) is the practice of carrying water craft or cargo over land, either around an obstacle in a river, or between two bodies of water. A path where items are regularly carried between bodies of water is also called a portage. The term comes from French, where porter means "to carry", as in "portable".
Early French explorers in New France and French Louisiana encountered many rapids and Fan waterfalls. The Native Americans carried their over land to avoid river obstacles.
Over time, important portages were sometimes provided with with canal lock, and even . Primitive portaging generally involves carrying the vessel and its contents across the portage in multiple trips. Small canoes can be portaged by carrying them inverted over one's shoulders and the center thwart may be designed in the style of a yoke to facilitate this. Historically, voyageurs often employed on their heads to carry loads on their backs.
Portages can be many kilometers in length, such as the Methye Portage and the Grand Portage (both in North America) often covering hilly or difficult terrain. Some portages involve very little elevation change, such as the very short Mavis Grind in Shetland, which crosses an isthmus.
Portage trails usually began as animal tracks and were improved by tramping, blazing and cutting of trees, deadfall and brush. In a few places iron-plated wooden rails were laid to take a handcart. Some heavily used portages evolved into roads that allowed sledges, rollers or oxen to be used, as at Methye Portage. Sometimes railways (Champlain and St. Lawrence Railroad) or canals were built.
When going downstream and arriving at a rapids, an experienced voyageur called the guide would inspect the rapids and choose between the heavy work of a portage and the life-threatening risk of running the rapids. If it was decided to run the rapids, the boat was controlled by the avant standing in front with a long paddle and the gouvernail standing in the back with a steering paddle. The avant had a better view and was in charge but the gouvernail had more control over the boat. The other canoemen provided power under the instructions of the avant.
Going upstream was more difficult, as there were many places where the current was too swift to paddle against. Where the river bottom was shallow and firm, voyageurs would stood in the canoe, put poles in the water and pushed the boat upstream. If the shoreline was reasonably clear of obstruction, the canoe was 'tracked' or 'lined', that is, canoemen pulled the canoe on a rope while a man stayed on board to steer it away from the shore. (The most extreme case of tracking was in the Three Gorges in China where all boats had to be pulled upstream against the current of the Yangtze River.)
In other places, the 'demi-chargé' technique was used. Half the cargo was unloaded, the canoe forced upstream, unloaded and then returned downstream to pick up the remaining half of the cargo. When a boat had to fight against very strong currents, the entire cargo was unloaded ('décharge') and carried overland while the canoe was forced upstream.
Sometimes a full portage was necessary. The canoe was emptied, carried overland by two or four men, or dragged (the heavier York boats had to be dragged overland on rollers). The cargo was divided into standard packs or pièces, with each man responsible for about six. One portage pack, or canoe pack, was carried on the back held up by a tumpline and another pack carried in front (strangulated hernia was a common cause of death for voyageurs). In long portages, to allow rests of a sort, voyageurs would drop their packs at poses set up about every and go back for another load.
Portages varied in length and the time they required. For instance, the Methye Portage was 19 km (12 mi) long. If a portage was about a half mile, a bit less than a kilometre, or about 160 rods, as they were measured, long, 15-20 minutes would be needed to walk it. With multiple trips, the time needed for a portage was estimated at one hour per half mile (160 rods) or more.
There is scant literary evidence for two more ship trackways referred to as diolkoi in antiquity, both located in Roman Egypt: The physician OribasiusColl. Med II, 58, 54-55 (CMG VI, 1, 1) () records two passages from his first-century colleague Xenocrates, in which the latter casually refers to a diolkos close to the harbor of Alexandria, which may have been located at the southern tip of the island of Pharos. Another diolkos is mentioned by Ptolemy (90–168 CE) in his book on geography (IV, 5, 10) as connecting a false mouth of a partly silted up Nile branch with the Mediterranean Sea.
Writing in the first half of the eighth century, Cosmas of Jerusalem describes the portage of boats across the narrowest part of the Thracian Chersonese (Gallipoli Peninsula) between the Aegean Sea and the Sea of Marmara. The peninsula there is six miles wide. Cosmas describes the dragging of small boats as common in his day for local trade between Thrace and Gothograecia. The motivation for this practice was to avoid the long detour around the peninsula and through the Dardanelles, but also to avoid the customs house at Abydos. It would have been too costly to regularly move large ships across the peninsula, but Cosmas says that Constantine IV did it, presumably during the blockade of Constantinople (670/1–676/7) when the Sea of Marmara and the Dardanelles were controlled by the Umayyads. Constantine is said to have "driven" the ships rather than dragged them, probably indicating the use of wheels.. Archaeological evidence for a portage across the Thracian Chersonese is lacking, but it is possible that traces of it have been confused with traces of the Long Wall, which was restored by Justinian I in the 6th century. The region also saw extensive damage during the Gallipoli Campaign of 1915..
At the most important portages (such as Gnezdovo) there were trade outposts inhabited by a mixture of Norse merchants and native population. The Khazars built the fortress of Sarkel to guard a key portage between the Volga and the Don. After Varangian and Khazar power in Eastern Europe waned, Slavic merchants continued to use the portages along the Volga trade route and the Dnieper trade route.
The names of the towns Volokolamsk and Vyshny Volochek may be translated as "the portage on the Lama River" and "the little upper portage", respectively (from Russian language волок , meaning "portage", derived from the verb волочить "to drag").
In the 16th century, the Russians used river portages to get to Siberia (see Cherdyn Road).
Numerous portages were upgraded to carriageways and railways due to their economic importance. The Niagara Portage had a gravity railway in the 1760s. Chicago Portage between the Chicago River and Des Plaines Rivers was through a short swamp portage which seasonally flooded and it is thought that a channel gradually developed unintentionally from the dragging of the boat bottoms. The Chicago Portage - Historical Synopsis , prepared by Wm. E. Rose and Associates, Inc., for the Forest Preserve District of Cook County, June 1975 The 1835 Champlain and St. Lawrence Railroad connected the cities of New York and Montreal without needing to go through the Atlantic.
Many settlements in North America were named for being on a portage.
The small Marlborough Sounds settlement of Portage lies on the Kenepuru Sound which links Queen Charlotte Sound at Torea Bay. This portage was created by mid-19th century settler Robert Blaymires.
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