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' (; , ; ) or gudeul ' (; ) in traditional architecture is underfloor heating that uses direct heat transfer from wood smoke to heat the underside of a thick masonry floor. In modern usage, it refers to any type of underfloor heating, or to a hotel or a sleeping room in Korean (as opposed to Western) style.
The main components of the traditional ondol are an agungi (아궁이; ), a firebox or stove, accessible from an adjoining room (typically kitchen or master bedroom), a raised masonry floor underlain by horizontal smoke passages, and a vertical, freestanding chimney on the opposite exterior wall providing a draft. The heated floor, supported by stone piers or baffles to distribute the smoke, is covered by stone slabs, clay and an impervious layer such as oiled paper.
Early began as gudeul that provided the heating for a home and for cooking. When a fire was lit in the furnace to cook rice for dinner, the flame would extend horizontally because the flue entry was beside the furnace. This arrangement was essential, as it would not allow the smoke to travel upward, which would cause the flame to go out too soon. As the flame would pass through the flue entrance, it would be guided through the network of passages with the smoke. Entire rooms would be built on the furnace flue to create floored rooms.
The term is Sino-Korean and was introduced around the end of the 19th century. Alternate names include janggaeng (), hwagaeng (), nandol (), and ().
In the Joseon dynasty, the ondol was used to establish a hierarchical order of seats in the room with the lower neck, a point close to the furnace, as the upper seat. In the Annals of the Joseon Dynasty on May 14, the 17th year of King Taejong's reign (1417), there is a record of making an ondol room for the sick among the students of Seonggyungwan, who were just established at the time. From this, it can be seen that the ondol room was not entirely used. After that, in the 7th year of King Sejong (1425), the ondol of Seonggyungwan was increased to 5 steps, and it was not until the 16th century that all of them became ondol rooms.
In general, all beds were used and wooden floors were used. On February 4, 1563, there was a fire accident in the king's bedroom. Among the explanations of the circumstances at this time, a small ondol structure was made on the king's bed to heat the seat, and at this time, the stone was inadvertently placed incorrectly, and the fire broke out when the fire touched the bed. The article in the Annals of the Joseon Dynasty on March 5, 1624, shows that the Nine's room was also changed to an Ondol room because the Nine's room was not good for the Nine to stay in Panbang, although all the seawalls where the servants of the Four Godfathers lived were ondol during the Gwanghaegun period.
The climate was exceptionally cold, so through the 16th and 17th centuries, which is also called the Little Ice Age, ondol became more and more common, and in the late Joseon dynasty, ondol was widely used in thatched houses of ordinary people.
had traditionally been used as a living space for sitting, eating, sleeping and other pastimes in most Korean homes before the 1960s. Koreans are accustomed to sitting and sleeping on the floor, and working and eating at low tables instead of raised tables with chairs. The furnace burned mainly rice paddy straws, agricultural crop waste, [[biomass]] or any kind of dried firewood. For short-term cooking, rice paddy straws or crop waste was preferred, while long hours of cooking and floor heating needed longer-burning firewood. Unlike modern-day water heaters, the fuel was either sporadically or regularly burned (two to five times a day), depending on frequency of cooking and seasonal weather conditions.
With the traditional heating, the floor closer to the furnace was normally warm enough, and the warmest spots reserved for elders and honored guests. had problems such as environmental pollution and carbon monoxide poisoning resulting from burning Yeontan. Thus, other technology heats modern Korean homes.
The famous American architect Frank Lloyd Wright was building a hotel in Japan and was invited to a Japanese family's house. The homeowner had experienced the in Korea, and had built an room in his house. Wright reportedly was so impressed that he invented radiant floor heating which uses hot water as the heating medium. Wright introduced floor heating to American houses in the US in the 1930s.
Instead of -hydronic radiant floor heating, modern-day houses such as high-rise apartments have a modernized version of the system. Many architects know the advantages and benefits of , and they are using in modern houses. Since the has been introduced to many countries, it is beginning to be considered as one of the systems of home heating. Modern are not the same as the original version. Almost all Koreans use modern versions, so it is hard to find the traditional system in Korean houses. North Korea still utilizes the basic traditional design of the that use mostly coal instead of biomass to survive the harsh winters.
The has some disadvantages. Mud and stones are the main materials that make up the . Such materials take quite a long time to heat up, therefore the room takes a long time to warm up. In addition, it is difficult to adjust the temperature of the room.
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