An olla is a ceramic jar, often unglazed, used for cooking or , for the storage of water or dry foods, or for other purposes like the irrigation[John Dromgoole: Watering with ollas] of olive trees. Ollas have short wide necks and wider bellies, resembling or South Asian matki.
History
Antiquity
The Latin word
olla or
aulla (also
aula) meant a very similar type of pot in Ancient Roman pottery, used for cooking and storage as well as a
funerary urn to hold the ashes from
cremation of bodies. Later, in
Gaul, the olla became a symbol of the god
Sucellus, who reigned over agriculture.
Spain
In Spain, the popular dish
olla podrida (literally “rotten pot”), cooked in an
olla, dates back to the
Middle Ages.
Catalonia
In certain areas of the
Pyrenees in
Catalonia a type of
olla, known locally as
tupí, is used as container for the preparation of
tupí, a certain type of cheese.
[ Formatge de tupí - Ingredients i preparació artesanal]
American Southwest
The Spanish settlers may have introduced the
olla to Native American tribes which they reproduced for sale to colonists, but they had their own traditional pots attributed to their respective tribes. Catawba potters, native to the southeast, used unglazed pottery.
Among Southwestern Native American tribes, ollas used for storing water often were made with narrow necks to prevent evaporation in the desert heat. The olla is used by the Mission Indians people, among many others, for cooking, storing water, serving meals and even nursing infants.
The term olla is also applied to regional basketry shaped with bulbous bodies and narrow necks. Olla baskets are commonly used by the Western Apache, Shoshone, and Yavapai people.
Use in irrigation
Because water seeps through the walls of an unglazed olla by using
soil moisture tension, one can use ollas to irrigate plants. The olla is buried in the ground, with the neck of the olla extending above the soil. The olla is filled with water, and plants such as tomatoes, melons, corn, beans, carrots, etc are planted around the olla. Or, an olla can be put near a new sapling, or bush to get it through its first year. After that, given enough annual rain, the olla near the tree or bush can be lifted out of the ground and used somewhere else.
Olla irrigation works like this:
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When the soil around the olla is dry, the soil pulls the water through the wall of the olla and into the soil, (the tension is between wet and dry), thus providing water for the roots.
-
When the soil is wet from rain or has not dried out yet, there is no tension and the water is not pulled through the wall of the olla.
How far out the water is pulled depends on the size of the olla and the quality of the soil. Dense soil (clay) does not water out as far as good soil. Large ollas, with a capacity of (say) 11 liters, will water longer than a smaller 1 liter olla, for example. Olla, or clay pot, irrigation is considered the most efficient watering system by many, since the plants are never over- or under-watered, saving from 50% to 70% in water, according to Farmer's Almanac.[ "Spanish colonial olla irrigation makes a comeback", High Plains/Midwest AG Journal, 2015-04-19, accessed 2015-03-14]
Spain settlers introduced this irrigation technique to the Americas in colonial times. Agriculture and gardening specialists are teaching it, and olla use is making a comeback in New Mexico and the American West. The state's master gardening program is spreading the word. It can be effective for homeowners to use in the desert climate.
As a modern gardening tool, ollas are generally made from terracotta plant pots.
In their September 2013 newsletter Ecology Action describes using five 5-gallon ollas for a 100-square-foot garden plot. The test plot used 1.25 gallons per olla every four days. The ollas are fitted with caps that reduce evaporation and collect rain.
Use in refrigeration
The
olla is also useful for keeping water cool. When an unglazed
olla is filled with water, the water permeates the clay walls of the vessel, causing the
olla to “sweat”. The evaporation of the sweat cools the
olla and its contents. In the early 20th century, many ranches in the American Southwest used the practice of hanging an
olla from a rope on the
verandah in a shady, breezy spot. Several hours after the
olla was hung, it was cooled enough by evaporation to keep butter and milk safely cold.
[ "Ice Water From Sunshine", New York Times, 31 July 1910, accessed 31 Dec 2012]
As works of art
In addition to utilitarian purposes,
ollas are also produced by Native American and Mexican potters as artistic works. These
ollas may be highly decorated and/or formed.
See also
-
List of cooking vessels
-
Plain of Jars
