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In , the Nereids or Nereides ( ; ; , also Νημερτές) are sea (female spirits of sea waters), the 50 daughters of the 'Old Man of the Sea' and the Doris, sisters to their brother Nerites.Aelian, De Natura Animalium 14.28 They often accompany , the god of the sea, and can be friendly and helpful to sailors (such as the in their search for the ).

(2025). 9789047405689 .


Name
It is not known whether the name Nereus was known to or not, but the name of the Nereids is attested before it, and can be found in the .; ; Since Nereus only has relevance as the father of the Nereids, it has been suggested that his name could actually be derived from that of his daughters;; while the derivation of the Nereids from Nereus, as a patronymic, has also been suggested. According to Martin Litchfield West (1966), Nereus is much less important than his daughters, mentioning that offered "the Nereids, not Nereus, as an example of a divine name not derived from Egypt".

The name of the Nereids has survived in modern Greek folklore as , .; ;


Mythology
The Nereids symbolized everything that is beautiful and kind about the sea. Their melodious voices sang as they danced around their father. They are represented as beautiful women, crowned with branches of red coral and dressed in white silk robes trimmed with gold.

These nymphs are particularly associated with the , where they dwelt with their father Nereus in the depths within a golden palace. The most notable of them are , wife of and mother of ; , wife of Poseidon and mother of Triton; Galatea, the vain love interest of the , and lastly, Psamathe who became the mother of Phocus by King of , and Theoclymenus and Theonoe by , a sea-god or king of .

In Homer's Iliad XVIII, when Thetis cries out in sympathy for the grief of for the slain , her sisters appear.Homer, Iliad 18.39–18.51 Four of her siblings, Cymodoce, Thalia, and were also among the nymphs in the train of Cyrene., 4.338 Later on, these four together with their other sisters Thetis, Melite and , were able to help the hero and his crew during a storm.Virgil, 5.825–5.826

In one account, Cassiopeia boasted that her daughter Andromeda was more beautiful than the Nereides, who were enraged by the claim. Poseidon, in sympathy for them, sent a flood and a sea monster to the land of the , demanding as well the sacrifice of the princess.Apollodorus, 2.4.3; Hyginus, 64, 2.10 with Euripides and as the authority; , 5.16 ff. These sea goddesses also were said to reveal to men the mysteries of and . 24.10


List of Nereids
This list is correlated from four sources: Homer's Iliad,, 18.39–18.51 's ,, 240–262 the Bibliotheca of Pseudo-ApollodorusApollodorus, 1.2.7 and the of Hyginus.Hyginus, Preface Because of this, the total number of names goes beyond fifty.
2Agaue Appeared to when she cried out in sympathy for the grief of for .
3Amatheia Appeared to when she cried out in sympathy for the grief of for .
4 Feeds 's flock
5Amphithoe Appeared to when she cried out in sympathy for the grief of for .
6 Consort of
The name of an Apollodorus, 1.2.2 & 1.4.5
7Apseudes
8Arethusa Virgil, Georgics 4.346
9Asia Virgil, Georgics 4.343The name of an OceanidHesiod, Theogony 349–361; Apollodorus, 1.2.2
10Autonoe Only mentioned by name
11Beroe The name of an OceanidVirgil, Georgics 4.341; , 41.153
12Callianassa Appeared to when she cried out in sympathy for the grief of for .
13Callianeira Only mentioned by name on the Iliad.
14Calypso The name of an OceanidHesiod, Theogony 349–361; , 418–423
15Ceto The name of an OceanidNonnus, Dionysiaca 26.355 Only mentioned by name
16Clio The name of an OceanidVirgil, Georgics 4.341
17ClymeneVirgil, Georgics 4.345The name of an Oceanid;Hesiod, Theogony 349–361; Hyginus, 156; , 4.19.359 appeared to when she cried out in sympathy for the grief of for .
18Cranto
19Creneis
20 Virgil, Georgics 4.339In the train of Cyrene along with her other sisters
21Cymatolege Only mentioned by name
22Cymo Only mentioned by name
23Cymodoce Virgil, Georgics 4.338; Aeneid 5.826; , 2.2.20
24CymothoeValerius Flaccus, 2.605; Quintus Smyrnaeus, 5.394 ff.Appeared to when she cried out in sympathy for the grief of for .
25Deiopea
26Dero Only mentioned by name
27Dexamene Appeared to when she cried out in sympathy for the grief of for .
28Dione The name of an OceanidHesiod, Theogony 349–361
29Doris The name of an Oceanid
30DotoValerius Flaccus, Argonautica 1.130 ff.
31Drymo Virgil, Georgics 4.336One of the nymphs in the train of Cyrene
32
33Eione Only mentioned by name
34Ephyra The name of an OceanidHyginus, 275.6; Eumelus, fr. 1 Fowler (apud Pausanias, 2.1.1)
35Erato
36Euagore
37Euarne
38Eucrante
39Eudore The name of an Oceanid
40
41Eumolpe Only mentioned by name
42Eunice
43Eupompe Only mentioned by name
44Eurydice
45Galene
46Galatea
47
48Glauconome Only mentioned by name
49
50Halimede
51Hipponoe
52 Only mentioned by name
53Iaera Appeared to when she cried out in sympathy for the grief of for .
54Ianassa Appeared to when she cried out in sympathy for the grief of for .
55 The name of an Oceanid; appeared to when she cried out in sympathy for the grief of for .
56Ione
57 , Dialogi Marini 14Only mentioned by name
58Laomedeia Only mentioned by name
59Leiagore Only mentioned by name
60
61Ligea
62Limnoreia
63
64
65Maera Appeared to when she cried out in sympathy for the grief of for .
66MeliteVirgil, Aeneid 5.825The name of an Oceanid Homeric Hymn to Demeter, 418–423; Hyginus, Th. 8
67Menippe The name of an OceanidHyginus, Th. 6 (Smith and Trzaskoma, p. 95), except where otherwise indicated.
68Nausithoe
69Neaera The name of an Oceanid
70Nemertes
71Neomeris
72Virgil, Georgics 4.338; 5.826
73Neso Only mentioned by name. Gives her name to Neso, one of Neptune's moons.
74Opis
75 Appeared to when she cried out in sympathy for the grief of for .
76
77
78Pasithea Only mentioned by name
79 Appeared to when she cried out in sympathy for the grief of for .
80Phyllodoce
81Plexaure The name of an OceanidHesiod, Theogony 353
82Ploto Only mentioned by name
83
84Polynome Only mentioned by name
85Pontomedusa Only mentioned by name
86Pontoporeia Only mentioned by name
87 Only mentioned by name
88Proto
89 Only mentioned by name
90Psamathe
91Sao Means 'the rescuer'; only mentioned by name
92Appeared to when she cried out in sympathy for the grief of for .
93Thaleia
94Themisto Only mentioned by name
95 Mother of
96 The name of an Oceanid Homeric Hymn to Demeter, 418–423
97Xantho The name of an Oceanid
Total34504547


Iconography
In ancient art the Nereides appear in the retinue of Poseidon, Amphitrite, Thetis and other sea-divinities. On black-figure Greek vases they appear fully clothed, such as on a Corinthian hydra (sixth century BCE; Paris) where they stand near the bier of Achilles. Later vase-paintings depict them nude or partially nude, mounted on dolphins, sea-horses or other marine creatures, and often grouped together with Tritons. They appear as such on Roman frescoes and sarcophagi. An Etruscan bronze cista from Palestrina depicts winged Nereides.

Famous is the Nereid Monument, a marble tomb from Xanthos (Lycia, Asia Minor), partially in the collection of the British Museum. At the top is a small temple surrounded by pillars between which Nereides stood. They were depicted in motion and with billowing, transparent clothes. The style is Attic-Ionian and dates to .

In the Renaissance and baroque periods the Nereid was frequently used to decorate fountains and garden monuments.


Worship
Nereides were worshiped in several parts of Greece, but more especially in seaport towns, such as ,Pausanias, 3.2.5 and on the Isthmus of Corinth.Pausanias, 2.1.7 The epithets given them by the poets refer partly to their beauty and partly to their place of abode.


Modern use
In modern Greek folklore, the term "nereid" () has come to be used for all , , or , not merely nymphs of the sea.
(2025). 9781137484154, Springer.


In modern folklore
The appears in modern Greek folktales as a kind of supernatural wife, akin to the , and gives its name to the homonymous type in the Catalogue of Greek Folktales: tale type ATU 400, "The Neraïda". She has been compared to the , the female character of ancient Greek mythology.Mitakidou, Soula; Manna, Anthony L.; Kanatsouli, Melpomeni. Folktales of Greece: A Treasury of Delights. Greenwood Press/Libraries Unlimited, 2002. p. 15. .Blagojevic, Gordana. "Женидба вилом и нерајдом: јужнословенско-грчке фолклорне паралеле" Marrying. In: Заједничко у словенском фолклору: зборник радова Common. Београд: Балканолошки институт САНУ, 2012. p. 178. . She is said to inhabit water sources (rivers and wells), similar to their ancient mythical counterpart, the Nereids (water nymphs). However, in modern speech, the term also encompasses fairy maidens from mountains and woodlands.

Greek folklorist Nicolaos Politis amassed a great amount of modern folkloric material regarding the . In modern tales from Greek tellers, the are said to dance at noon or at midnight; to have beautiful golden hair; to dress in white or rose garments and to appear wearing a veil on the head, or holding a handkerchief. Due to their beauty, young men are drawn to the and steal their veils or kerchiefs to force their stay in the mortal realm. The women marry these men, but later regain their piece of clothing back and disappear forever.Lawson, John Cuthbert (1910). Modern Greek Folklore and Ancient Greek Religion (1st ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 132–133, 135–136, 138–139. Greek scholar Anna Angeloupoulos terms this storyline The Stolen Scarf, one of four narratives involving the . Also, this sequence is "the most frequent and stable introductory episode" in Greek variants of tale type 400.

In a tale from Greece, a human goatherd named Demetros, dances with ten fairies three nights, and in the third night, on a full moon, he dances with them and accidentally touches the handkerchief of Katena. Her companions abandon her to the mortal world and she becomes Demetros's wife, bearing him a daughter. For seven years, Demetros has hidden the handkerchief, until his wife Katena asks him for it. She takes the handkerchief and dances with it in a festival, taking the opportunity to return home and leave her mortal husband. Years later, their daughter follows her mother when she turns fifteen years old."III. The Fairy Wife". In: Gianakoulis, Theodore P. and MacPherson, Georgia H. Fairy Tales of Modern Greece. New York City: E. P. Dutton & Co. 1930. pp. 34–47.

Another introductory episode of the Greek variants is one Angelopoulos dubbed The Sisters of Alexander the Great. This refers to a pseudo-historical or mythological account about Alexander the Great and a quest for a water of life that grants immortality. His sister (or sisters) drinks it instead of him, is thrown in the sea and becomes a , a half-human, half-fish creature with power over the storm who can sink boats and become birds. They approach ships to ask if Alexander still lives, and can only be appeased if answered positively. In one tale, a youth on a ship captures a three times (or three ) and beats her until she promises not to threaten any more ships. The youth then arrives on a deserted island and sees three birds that become human (or flying maidens), and steals their garments. Richard MacGillivray Dawkins suggested that the modern was a merging of three mythological characters (the Sirens, the , and the ), and reported alternate tales where Alexander's sisters are replaced for his mother or a female lover.


Other uses
Nereid, a moon of the planet , is named after the Nereids, as is in . Nereid Lake. SCAR Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica


Explanatory notes

Footnotes


External links

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