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Ectromelia virus (ECTV) is a virus of the family Poxviridae and the genus Orthopoxvirus that causes mousepox, a disease of mouse. It has only been seen in mouse colonies kept for research purposes but believed that wild populations of mice and other rodents in Europe are naturally infected with ECTV. (1993). 9780122530562, Academic Press, Inc. ISBN 9780122530562 Mousepox causes skin lesions, a purulent rash on the body of Mouse, and generalized disease, which can be fatal. It is the only Poxviridae to cause disease naturally in mice.
The original Hampstead strain of ECTV was discovered in 1930 in a laboratory-mouse colony. Since then, other ECTV strains and outbreaks have been seen in Europe and the United States with differences in the severity of the disease.
ECTV strain Moscow (Mos) - the most Virulence, it was isolated by V. Sololiev and first described by Andrewes & Elford.
ECTV strain Naval (Nav) - isolated from an outbreak in a US naval research facility, which manifested as a lethal disease in BALB/c mice and a mild disease with low morbidity and mortality in CD-1 mice.
Existing resistant strains of mice, such as C57BL/6, C57BL/10 and AKR, may not have clinical signs that viruses can cause for other animals.
It is important to note that the genetic background of the mouse can affect the infection, which means that host factors are involved in the regulation of susceptibility and resistance to the virus. For example, wild mice exhibit variable susceptibility, while laboratory strains were useful for determining host resistance factors.
It is believed that the natural route of infection occurs through abrasions on the skin, which means that the transmission of the virus occurs from animal to animal or through fomites, such as infected bedding in the place for keeping mice.
Infection transmitted alimentary, aerogenic, contact ways.
The disease can occur latent, acute and subacute. Animals with a latent form of the virus do not show any signs of disease. In this case, infection can be activated by various factors, for example, during irradiation, transportation, infection with other pathogens, and experimental load.
With a fulminant form, clinical symptoms do not have time to manifest, and the death of mice occurs unexpectedly and fast. The subacute form represents the classical form of ectromelia: in such cases in animals, mainly on the head, tail and legs develop skin lesions. The skin is edematous, Hyperaemia, with small focal hemorrhages, which are covered with dry crusts. Subsequently, on the fingers, ears and tail, foci of necrosis are formed, covered with dark brown crusts, which then disappear. Sometimes amputation of limbs or phalanges of the fingers and tail occurs, thus the name ectromelia given to this virus.
The animal house must be thoroughly cleaned and disinfected, preferably with gaseous Formaldehyde or vaporized hydrogen peroxide. Ectromelia virus can survive for 11 days at room temperature in blood. All other animal house materials should be discarded as hazardous waste (incinerated) or . Autoclaving, formalin treatment, and common disinfectants will inactivate the ectromelia virus, as will desiccation or detergents.
There are several named strains of ectromelia virus that vary in virulence, including NIH-79, Wash-U, Moscow, Hampstead, St. Louis-69, Beijing-70, and Ishibashi I–III.
The mousepox model presents an opportunity to study the components of the immune system that are required for an efficient immunological response to a natural poxvirus infection in a well-understood animal model that can be further manipulated by targeted inactivation or expression of .
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