Monomorphism

 ( Morphisms ) 

In the context of abstract algebra or universal algebra, a monomorphism is an injective homomorphism. A monomorphism from to is often denoted with the notation $X\backslash hookrightarrow\; Y$.

In the more general setting of category theory, a monomorphism (also called a monic morphism or a mono) is a left-cancellative morphism. That is, an arrow such that for all objects and all morphisms ,

$f\; \backslash circ\; g\_1\; =\; f\; \backslash circ\; g\_2\; \backslash implies\; g\_1\; =\; g\_2.$

Monomorphisms are a categorical generalization of injective functions (also called "one-to-one functions"); in some categories the notions coincide, but monomorphisms are more general, as in the examples below.

In the setting of posets intersections are Idempotence: the intersection of anything with itself is itself. Monomorphisms generalize this property to arbitrary categories. A morphism is a monomorphism if it is idempotent with respect to pullbacks.

The categorical dual of a monomorphism is an epimorphism, that is, a monomorphism in a category C is an epimorphism in the dual category C^op. Every section is a monomorphism, and every retraction is an epimorphism.

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Relation to invertibility Left-invertible morphisms are necessarily monic: if l is a left inverse for f (meaning l is a morphism and $l\; \backslash circ\; f\; =\; \backslash operatorname\{id\}\_\{X\}$), then f is monic, as

$f\; \backslash circ\; g\_1\; =\; f\; \backslash circ\; g\_2\; \backslash Rightarrow\; l\backslash circ\; f\backslash circ\; g\_1\; =\; l\backslash circ\; f\backslash circ\; g\_2\; \backslash Rightarrow\; g\_1\; =\; g\_2.$

A left-invertible morphism is called a split mono or a section.

However, a monomorphism need not be left-invertible. For example, in the category Group of all groups and group homomorphisms among them, if H is a subgroup of G then the inclusion is always a monomorphism; but f has a left inverse in the category if and only if H has a normal complement in G.

A morphism is monic if and only if the induced map , defined by for all morphisms , is injective for all objects Z.

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Examples Every morphism in a concrete category whose underlying function is injective is a monomorphism; in other words, if morphisms are actually functions between sets, then any morphism which is a one-to-one function will necessarily be a monomorphism in the categorical sense. In the category of sets the converse also holds, so the monomorphisms are exactly the injective morphisms. The converse also holds in most naturally occurring categories of algebras because of the existence of a free object on one generator. In particular, it is true in the categories of all groups, of all rings, and in any abelian category.

It is not true in general, however, that all monomorphisms must be injective in other categories; that is, there are settings in which the morphisms are functions between sets, but one can have a function that is not injective and yet is a monomorphism in the categorical sense. For example, in the category Div of divisible group abelian group and group homomorphisms between them there are monomorphisms that are not injective: consider, for example, the quotient map , where Q is the rationals under addition, Z the integers (also considered a group under addition), and Q/ Z is the corresponding quotient group. This is not an injective map, as for example every integer is mapped to 0. Nevertheless, it is a monomorphism in this category. This follows from the implication , which we will now prove. If , where G is some divisible group, and , then . Now fix some . Without loss of generality, we may assume that (otherwise, choose − x instead). Then, letting , since G is a divisible group, there exists some such that , so . From this, and , it follows that

Since , it follows that , and thus . This says that , as desired.

To go from that implication to the fact that q is a monomorphism, assume that for some morphisms , where G is some divisible group. Then , where . (Since , and , it follows that ). From the implication just proved, . Hence q is a monomorphism, as claimed.

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Properties

• In a topos, every mono is an equalizer, and any map that is both monic and epic morphism is an isomorphism.
• Every isomorphism is monic.

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Related concepts There are also useful concepts of regular monomorphism, extremal monomorphism, immediate monomorphism, strong monomorphism, and split monomorphism.

• A monomorphism is said to be regular if it is an equalizer of some pair of parallel morphisms.
• A monomorphism $\backslash mu$ is said to be extremal if in each representation $\backslash mu=\backslash varphi\backslash circ\backslash varepsilon$, where $\backslash varepsilon$ is an epimorphism, the morphism $\backslash varepsilon$ is automatically an isomorphism.
• A monomorphism $\backslash mu$ is said to be immediate if in each representation $\backslash mu=\backslash mu\text{'}\backslash circ\backslash varepsilon$, where $\backslash mu\text{'}$ is a monomorphism and $\backslash varepsilon$ is an epimorphism, the morphism $\backslash varepsilon$ is automatically an isomorphism.
• A monomorphism $\backslash mu:C\backslash to\; D$ is said to be strong if for any epimorphism $\backslash varepsilon:A\backslash to\; B$ and any morphisms $\backslash alpha:A\backslash to\; C$ and $\backslash beta:B\backslash to\; D$ such that $\backslash beta\backslash circ\backslash varepsilon=\backslash mu\backslash circ\backslash alpha$, there exists a morphism $\backslash delta:B\backslash to\; C$ such that $\backslash delta\backslash circ\backslash varepsilon=\backslash alpha$ and $\backslash mu\backslash circ\backslash delta=\backslash beta$.
• A monomorphism $\backslash mu$ is said to be split if there exists a morphism $\backslash varepsilon$ such that $\backslash varepsilon\backslash circ\backslash mu=1$ (in this case $\backslash varepsilon$ is called a left-sided inverse for $\backslash mu$).

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Terminology The companion terms monomorphism and epimorphism were originally introduced by Nicolas Bourbaki; Bourbaki uses monomorphism as shorthand for an injective function. Early category theorists believed that the correct generalization of injectivity to the context of categories was the cancellation property given above. While this is not exactly true for monic maps, it is very close, so this has caused little trouble, unlike the case of epimorphisms. Saunders Mac Lane attempted to make a distinction between what he called monomorphisms, which were maps in a concrete category whose underlying maps of sets were injective, and monic maps, which are monomorphisms in the categorical sense of the word. This distinction never came into general use.

Another name for monomorphism is extension, although this has other uses too.

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See also

• Embedding
• Nodal decomposition
• Subobject

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Notes

• George Bergman (2025). 9783319114781, Springer. . ISBN 9783319114781
• Francis Borceux (1994). 9780521061193, Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521061193
• (1974). 9785020144279, Nauka. ISBN 9785020144279

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External links

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