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In chemistry and chemical physics, a mesophase or mesomorphic phase is a phase of matter intermediate between solid and liquid. Gelatin is a common example of a partially ordered structure in a mesophase. Further, biological structures such as the of are examples of mesophases. Mobile ions in mesophases are either orientationally or rotationally disordered while their centers are located at the ordered sites in the crystal structure. Mesophases with long-range positional order but no orientational order are , whereas those with long-range orientational order but only partial or no positional order are .
Georges Friedel (1922) called attention to the "mesomorphic states of matter" in his scientific assessment of observations of the so-called . Conventionally a crystal is solid, and crystallization converts liquid to solid. The oxymoron of the liquid crystal is resolved through the notion of mesophases. The observations noted an optic axis persisting in materials that had been melting and had begun to Fluid dynamics. The term liquid crystal persists as a colloquialism, but use of the term was criticized in 1993: In The Physics of Liquid CrystalsP.G. de Gennes & J. Prost (1993) The Physics of Liquid Crystals, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press the mesophases are introduced from the beginning:
Further, "The classification of mesophases (first clearly set out by G. Friedel in 1922) is essentially based on symmetry."
Molecules that demonstrate mesophases are called .
In technology, molecules in which the optic axis is subject to manipulation during a mesophase have become commercial products as they can be used to manufacture , known as liquid-crystal displays (LCDs). The susceptibility of the optical axis, called a director, to an electric or magnetic field produces the potential for an optical switch that obscures light or lets it pass. Methods used include the Freedericksz transition, the twisted nematic field effect and the IPS panel. From early liquid crystal displays the buying public has embraced the low-power optical switch facility of mesophases with director.
Consider a solid consisting of a single molecular species and subjected to melting. Ultimately it is rendered to an Isotropy state classically referred to as liquid. Mesophases occur before then when an intermediate state of order is still maintained as in the nematic, smectic, and columnar phase phases of liquid crystals. Mesophases thus exhibit anisotropy. LCD devices work as an optical switch which is turned off and on by an electric field applied to the mesogen with director. The response of the director to the field is expressed with viscosity parameters, as in the Ericksen-Leslie theory in continuum mechanics developed by Jerald Ericksen and Frank Matthews Leslie. LCD devices work only up to the transition temperature when the mesophase changes to the isotropic liquid phase at the so-called clearing point. Definition of the clearing point. Goldbook IUPAC. Retrieved 16 February 2021.
Mesophase phenomena are important in many scientific fields. The publishing arms of professional societies have academic journals as needed. For instance, the American Chemical Society has both Macromolecules and Langmuir, while Royal Society of Chemistry has Soft Matter, and American Physical Society has Physical Review E, and Elsevier has Advances in Colloid and Interface Science.
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