Mesannepada

 ( 26th-century Bc Sumerian Kings ) 

Mesannepada (, MES-AN-NE₂-PAD₃-DA), Mesh-Ane-pada or Mes-Anne-pada ("Youngling chosen by An"; died ) was the first king listed for the First Dynasty of Ur on the Sumerian king list. He is listed to have ruled for 80 years, having overthrown Lugal-kitun of Uruk: "Then Unug (Uruk) was defeated and the kingship was taken to Urim (Ur)". In one of his seals, found in the Royal Cemetery at Ur, he is also described as king of Kish.

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Filiation

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The "Treasure of Ur" discovered in Mari Mesannepada was a son of Meskalamdug. A lapis-lazuli bead with the name of King Meskalamdug was found in Mari, in the so-called "Treasure of Ur", and reads:Description with photograph:

(2026). 9781588390431, Metropolitan Museum of Art. . ISBN 9781588390431

For the discovery of the "Treasure of Ur" and detailed content of the jar, see:

File:UNESCO Lapis lazuli bead, National Museum of Damascus, Syria.jpg|The lapis lazuli bead from Mari, National Museum of Damascus, Syria ("King of Ur", side)

(2026). 9781588390431, Metropolitan Museum of Art. . ISBN 9781588390431

Object at time of discovery File:Mesannepada bead from Mari.jpg|Transcription of the Mari bead

(2026). 9781588390431, Metropolitan Museum of Art. . ISBN 9781588390431

Initially, it was thought that this bead (reference M. 4439) referred to a gift by Mesannepada to a king of Mari named Gansud or Ansud. This has now been corrected with the translation given above. The God "Lugal-kalam" (, "Lord of the Land") to whom the dedication is made, is otherwise known in a dedication by a local ruler Šaba (Šalim) of Mari, also as Lugal-kalam, or in the dedication of Ishtup-Ilum where he is named "Lugal-mātim" (, "Lord of the Land"), and is considered identical with the local deity Dagon, or Enlil.

It is unclear how this bead came to be in Mari, but this points to some kind of relation between Ur and Mari at that time. The bead was discovered in a jar containing other objects from Ur or Kish, the so-called "Treasure of Ur".

The jar was recognized as an offering for the foundation of a temple in Mari.

(1981). 9789004062481, BRILL. . ISBN 9789004062481

Similar dedication beads have also been found from later rulers, such as Shulgi who engraved two carnelian beads with dedication to his gods .

(2026). 9781576079072, ABC-CLIO. . ISBN 9781576079072

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A'annepada dedication tablet Several dedication tablets by "A'annepada, son of Mesannepada" for the god Ninhursag are also known, which all have similar content:

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Sumerian King List Mesannepada appears in the Sumerian King List, as the first ruler of the First Dynasty of Ur, and is credited with a reign of 80 years. His successors are also named:

It is considered unlikely for a king to inherit a throne in his childhood and reign thereafter for 80 years. The length of the son's reign was probably added to that of the father.

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Old Babylonian tablet: the Tummal Chronicle Mesannepada and his other son are also mentioned in an Old Babylonian tablet (1900-1600 BC), the Tummal Inscription, relating the accomplishments of several kings. Such tablets are usually copies of older tablets, now lost:

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Reign Mesannepada is associated with an expansion of Ur, at least diplomatically. A lapis-lazuli bead in the name of Mesannepada was found in Mari, and formed part of the "Treasure of Ur", made for the dedication of a temple in Mari. Seals from the royal cemetery at Ur have also been found bearing the names of Mesannepada and his predecessors Meskalamdug and Akalamdug, along with Queen Puabi. A seal impression in the name of "Mesannepada, king of Kish" was found in the Royal Cemetery at Ur.Image of a Mesanepada seal in:

Mesannepada, and his son and successor Meskiagnun, who reigned 36 years, are both named on the Tummal Inscription as upkeepers of the main temple in Nippur along with Gilgamesh of Uruk and his son Ur-Nungal, verifying their status as overlords of Sumer. Judging from the inscriptions, Mesannepada then assumed the title "King of Kish", to indicate his hegemony.

Another son of Mesannepada, named Aannepadda, (Aja-ane-pada or A-Anne-pada, "father chosen by An"), whose years of reigned are unknown, is known for having the temple of Ninhursag constructed (at modern Al Ubaidi) near el-Obed, though he is not named on the kinglist.

A small ziggurat beneath the structure built at Ur by Ur-Nammu may date back to the time of Mes-Anne-pada.

In the 1950s, Edmund I. Gordon conjectured that Mesannepada, and an archaeologically attested early "king of Kish", Mesilim, were one and the same, as their names were interchanged in certain proverbs in later Babylonian tablets; however this has not proved conclusive. More recent scholars tend to regard them as distinct, usually placing Mesilim in Kish before Mesannepada.

File:Mesannepada seal (combat scene).jpg|Mesannepada seal (combat scene) File:Mesannepada seal (human wheel scene).jpg|Mesannepada seal (human wheel scene)

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Royal Cemetery of Ur Mesannapeda's tomb may have been located in the Royal Cemetery at Ur. It has been suggested that tomb PG 1232, or PG 1237, nicknamed "the Great Death-Pit," might belong to him.

File:Ur excavations (1900) (14580860309).jpg|Remains in tomb PG 1232 Ur excavations (1900) (14580870389).jpg|Disposition of royal attendants in tomb PG 1237 File:Raminathicket2.jpg|Ram in a Thicket in PG 1237 File:Silver lyre, PG 1237, Royal Cemetery of Ur.jpg|Silver lyre, PG 1237

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See also

• History of Sumer

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Bibliography

• Jack Finegan (2026). 9781400875153, Princeton University Press. . ISBN 9781400875153
• Jack Finegan (2026). 9780429726385, Routledge. . ISBN 9780429726385
• Dina Katz (1993). 9789072371676, Brill Publishers. . ISBN 9789072371676
• Donald M. Matthews (1997). 9783525538968, Saint-Paul. . ISBN 9783525538968
• (2026). 9781588390431, Metropolitan Museum of Art. . ISBN 9781588390431

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