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Mashhad ( ; ), historically also known as Mashad, Meshhed, or Meshed in English, is the second-most-populous city in , located in the relatively remote north-east of the country about from . In the Central District of , it serves as the capital of Razavi Khorasan province, the county, and the district. It has a population of about 3,400,000 (2016 census), which includes the areas of Mashhad Taman and .

Throughout its history, Mashhad has been governed by different ethnic groups. It was previously a small village, which by the 9th century was known as Sanabad, and was located—along with Tus and other villages—on the ancient connecting them with to the east. It would eventually outgrow all its surrounding villages. It gained its current name, meaning "place of ", in reference to the Imam Reza shrine, where the eighth , , is buried. The Abbasid caliph is also buried within the same shrine. The shrine is an important place of , visited by 25 millions each year in what is often described as "the holiest city in Iran".

Mashhad later also became associated with , the Persian poet and author of the , who was born in Tus (with many institutions in Mashhad named after him). Mashhad enjoyed relative prosperity in the , and continued to grow. Between 1736 and 1796, Mashhad became the capital of which was ruled by the founded by , whose tomb is located in the city. In the modern era, Mashhad continued to expand and became the hometown of some of the most significant literary figures and artists of modern Iran, such as the poet Mehdi Akhavan-Sales, and the traditional Iranian singer and composer Mohammad-Reza Shajarian. On 30 October 2009 (the anniversary of Imam Reza's martyrdom), Iran's then-President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad declared Mashhad to be "Iran's spiritual capital".

History
Etymology and early history
Ancient Greek sources mention the passage and residence of Alexander the Great in this land, which was called "" (), in 330 BC.Diodorus (17.77.5)Curtius (6.6.4-5)Justin (12.3.8 )Arrian (4.9.9) The map of Tabula Peutingeriana, which dates back to the early , names this city on the west of , Alexandria, instead of Susia. Tabvla Pevtingeriana, Segmentvm XII - M. Weber Pliny the Elder, says there is a city in the middle of , near and Nisiaea, called "Alexandropolis" after its founder. Pliny, Nat. 6.29 Many Muslim historians, from the 10th to the 16th century AD, attribute the founding of "Sanabad" (the old name of the city) to Alexander. muhammad-bagher al-majlisi, bahaar-ol-anvaar feiz al-kashaani, al-vaafi

Also in the sources, which the narrators connect to the 7th to 9th centuries AD, there are quotations that and are buried in a city founded by "the righteous servant, the two-horned one", which is an Islamic title commonly attributed to Alexander the Great. al-kaafi al-ghoybah jaami-ol-akhbaar al-vaafi

The older name of Mashhad is Sanabad (سناباد ). It was eventually renamed to Mashhad during the . The name Mashhad comes from , meaning a Mazar (mausoleum).E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam 1913–1936 p. 127 The Shias: A Short History, Heinz Halm, p. 26 It is also known as the place where (, Imam Reza), the of Shia Muslims, died (according to the Shias, was martyred). Reza's shrine was placed there.

The ancient city of , mentioned in the Behistun inscription (520 BC) of the Emperor Darius the Great, may have been located at the Mashhad.

At the beginning of the 9th (3rd century AH), Mashhad was a small city called Sanabad, which was situated away from Tus. There was a summer palace of Humayd ibn Qahtaba, the governor of . In 808, when , , was passing through to quell the insurrection of Rafi ibn al-Layth in , he became ill and died. He was buried under the palace of Humayd ibn Qahtaba. Thus the Dar al-Imarah was known as the Mausoleum of Haruniyyeh. In 818, Ali al-Ridha was martyred by al-Ma'mun and was buried beside the grave of Harun.Zabeth (1999) pp. 12–13. Although Mashhad owns the cultural heritage of Tus (including its figures like , , , , , and ), earlier geographers have correctly identified Mashhad and Tus as two separate cities that are now located about from each other.

Mongolian invasion: Ilkhanids
Although some believe that after this event, the city was called Mashhad al-Ridha (the place of martyrdom of al-Ridha), it seems that Mashhad, as a place-name, first appears in al-Maqdisi, i.e., in the last third of the 10th century. About the middle of the 14th century, the traveller Ibn Battuta uses the expression "town of Mashhad al-Rida". Towards the end of the Middle Ages, the name Nuqan, which is still found on coins in the first half of the 14th century under the , seems to have been gradually replaced by al-Mashhad or Mashhad. began to make to his grave. By the end of the 9th century, a dome was built above the grave, and many other buildings and sprang up around it. Over the course of more than a millennium, it has been destroyed and rebuilt several times.Zabeth (1999) pp. 13–16. In 1161, however, the seized the city, but they spared the sacred area their pillaging. Mashad al-Ridha was not considered a "great" city until in 1220, which caused the destruction of many large cities in Khurasan but leaving Mashhad relatively intact in the hands of Mongolian commanders because of the cemetery of Ali Al-Rezza and Harun al-Rashid (the latter was stolen).موسوي 1370, p. 40 Thus the survivors of the massacres migrated to Mashhad.Zabeth (1999) pp. 14–15. When the traveller visited the town in 1333, he reported that it was a large town with abundant fruit trees, streams and mills. A great dome of elegant construction surmounts the noble mausoleum, the walls being decorated with colored tiles. The most well-known dish cooked in Mashhad, "sholeh Mashhadi" (شله مشهدی) or "Sholeh", dates back to the era of the Mongolian invasion when it is thought to be cooked with any food available (the main ingredients are meat, grains and abundant spices) and be a Mongolian word.

Timurid Empire
It seems that the importance of Sanabad-Mashhad continually increased with the growing fame of its sanctuary and the decline of Tus, which received its death-blow in 1389 from , a son of . When the Kartid noble who governed the place rebelled and attempted to make himself independent, Miran Shah was sent against him by his father. Tus was stormed after a siege of several months, sacked and left a heap of ruins; 10,000 inhabitants were massacred. Those who escaped the holocaust settled in the shelter of the 'Alid sanctuary. Tus was henceforth abandoned and Mashhad took its place as the capital of the district.

Later on, during the reign of the , Mashhad became one of the main cities of the realm. In 1418, his wife funded the construction of an outstanding mosque beside the shrine, which is known as the . The mosque remains relatively intact to this date, its great size an indicator to the status the city held in the 15th century.

Safavid Empire
, founder of the , conquered Mashhad after the death of and the decline of the Timurid dynasty. He was later captured by the during the reign of Shah Abbas I. In the 16th century the town suffered considerably from the repeated raids of the Özbegs (Uzbeks). In 1507, it was taken by the troops of the Shaybani or Shabani Khan. After two decades, Shah Tahmasp I succeeded in repelling the enemy from the town again in 1528. But in 1544, the Özbegs again succeeded in entering the town and plundering and murdering there. The year 1589 was a disastrous one for Mashhad. The Shaybanid 'Abd al-Mu'min after a four months' siege forced the town to surrender. Shah Abbas I, who lived in Mashhad from 1585 until his official ascent of the throne in Qazwin in 1587, was not able to retake Mashhad from the Özbegs until 1598. Mashhad was retaken by the Shah Abbas after a long and hard struggle, defeating the Uzbeks in a great battle near as well as managing to drive them beyond the . Abbas the Great wanted to encourage Iranians to go to Mashhad for pilgrimage. He is said to have walked from to Mashhad. During the era, Mashhad gained even more religious recognition, becoming the most important city of Greater Khorasan, as several and other structures were built beside the Imam Reza shrine. Besides its religious significance, Mashhad has played an important political role as well. The Safavid dynasty has been criticized in a book (Red Shi'sm vs. Black Shi'ism) on the perceived dual aspects of the Shi'a religion throughout history) as a period in which although the dynasty didn't form the idea of Black Shi'ism, but this idea was formed after the defeat of Shah Ismail against the Ottoman leader Sultan Yavuz Selim. Black Shi'ism is a product of the post-Safavid period.

Afsharid Empire
Mashad saw its greatest glory under , ruler of Iran from 1736 to 1747, and also a great benefactor of the shrine of Imam Reza, who made the city his capital. Nearly the whole eastern part of the kingdom of Nadir Shah passed to foreign rulers in this period of Persian impotence under the rule of the vigorous Ahmad Shah Durrani of the Afghan . Ahmad defeated the Persians and took Mashhad after an eight-month siege in 1753. Ahmad Shah and his successor Timur Shah left in possession of Khurasan as their vassal, making Khurasan a kind of buffer state between them and Persia. As the city's real rulers, however, both these Durrani rulers struck coins in Mashhad. Otherwise, the reign of the blind Shah Rukh, which with repeated short interruptions lasted for nearly half a century, passed without any events of special note. It was only after the death of Timur Shah (1792) that Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar, the founder of the Qajar dynasty, succeeded in taking Shah Rukh's domains and putting him to death in 1795, thus ending the separation of Khurasan from the rest of Persia.

Qajar Empire
Some believe that Mashhad was ruled by and remained the capital of the during نوایی، عبدالحسین. کریم خان زند until Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar conquered the then larger region of in 1796.
(2001). 9781860646294, I.B.Tauris. .

1912 Imam Reza shrine bombardment
In 1911 Yusuf Khan of Herat was declared independent in Mashhad as Muhammad Ali Shah and brought together a large group of opposed to the revolution, and keep stirring for some time. This gave Russia the excuse to intervene and 29 March 1912 bombed the city; this bombing killed several people and pilgrims; action against a Muslim shrine caused a great shock to all Islamic countries. On 29 March 1912, the sanctuary of Imam Reza was bombed by the Russian artillery fire, causing some damage, including to the golden dome, resulting in a widespread and persisting resentment in the Shiite Muslim world as well as . This bombing was orchestrated by Prince Aristid Mikhailovich Dabizha (a who was the Russian Consul in Mashhad) and (a who was commander of the Russian Cossacks in the city).
(2013). 9780857721730, I.B.Tauris. .
Yusuf Khan ended up captured by the Persians and was executed.

Pahlavi dynasty
Modernization under Reza Shah
The modern development of the city accelerated under Reza Shah (1925-1941). Shah Reza Hospital (currently Imam Reza Hospital, affiliated with the organization) was founded in 1934; the sugar factory of Abkuh in 1935; and the Mashhad University of Medical Sciences in 1939. The city's first power station was installed in 1936, and in 1939, the first urban transport service began with two buses. In this year the first population census was performed, with a result of 76,471 inhabitants.

1935 Goharshad Mosque rebellion
In 1935, a backlash against the modernizing, anti-religious policies of erupted in the Mashhad shrine. Responding to a cleric who denounced the Shah's heretical innovations, corruption, and heavy consumer taxes, many bazaars and villagers took refuge in the shrine, chanted slogans such as "The Shah is a new Yazid." For four days local police and army refused to violate the shrine and the standoff was ended when troops from Azerbaijan arrived and broke into the shrine,Ervand, History of Modern Iran, (2008), p.94 killing dozens and injuring hundreds, and marking a final rupture between Shi'ite clergy and the Shah.Bakhash, Shaul, Reign of the Ayatollahs: Iran and the Islamic Revolution by Shaul, Bakhash, Basic Books, 1984, p. 22. According to some Mashhadi historians, the Goharshad Mosque uprising, which took place in 1935, is an uprising against Reza Shah's decree banning all veils (headscarf and chador) on 8 January 1936.

1941–1979 reforms
Mashhad experienced population growth after the Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran in 1941 because of relative insecurity in rural areas, the 1948 drought, and the establishment of Mashhad University in 1949. At the same time, public transport vehicles increased to 77 buses and 200 taxis and the railway link with the capital, Tehran, was established in 1957. The 1956 census reflected a population of 241,989 people. The increase in population continued in the following years thanks to the increase in Iranian oil revenues, the decline of the feudal social model, the agrarian reform of 1963, the founding of the city's airport, the creation of new factories and the development of the health system. In 1966, the population reached 409,616 inhabitants, and 667,770 in 1976. The extension of the city was expanded from .

During World War II, Polish refugee children were admitted in Mashhad in March 1942 (see also Iran–Poland relations).

(2025). 9788376295220, Instytut Pamięci Narodowej.
After receiving food and medical care at a local hospital, the children were further evacuated to India. In 1965 an important urban renewal development project for the surroundings of the shrine of Imam Reza was proposed by the Iranian architect and urban designer to replace the dilapidated slum conditions which surrounded the historic monuments. The project was officially approved in 1968. In 1977 the surrounding areas were demolished to make way for the implementation of this project. To relocate the demolished businesses, a new bazaar was designed and constructed in Meydan-e Ab square (in Persian, "میدان آب") by . After the revolution, the urban renewal project was abandoned.

1994 Imam Reza shrine bombing
On 20 June 1994, a bomb exploded in a prayer hall of the shrine of the Imam Reza. The bomb that killed at least 25 people on 20 June in Mashhad exploded on Ashura. The terrorist , a Muslim turned , one of the main perpetrators of the 1993 World Trade Center bombing, was found to be behind the plot.

Geography
The city is located at 36.20º North latitude and 59.35º East longitude, in the valley of the near , between the two mountain ranges of Binalood and Hezar Masjed Mountains. The city benefits from the proximity of the mountains, having cool winters, pleasant springs, and mild summers. It is only about from , Turkmenistan.

The city is the administrative center of (or the Shahrestan of Mashhad) as well as the somewhat smaller district ( ) of Mashhad. The city itself, excluding parts of the surrounding Bakhsh and Shahrestan, is divided into 13 smaller administrative units, with a total population of more than 3 million.

Climate
Mashhad features a cold semi-arid climate (Köppen BSk; Trewartha: BShk) with very hot summers, cold winters and Mediterranean-like dry summer precipitation pattern. The city only sees about of precipitation per year, some of which occasionally falls in the form of . Mashhad has wetter and drier periods with the bulk of the annual precipitation falling between the months of December and May. Summers are typically hot and dry, with average high temperatures exceeding for three months. Winters are typically cool to cold and somewhat damper, with overnight lows routinely dropping below freezing. Mashhad enjoys on average just above 2900 hours of sunshine per year.

Snow cover had been observed in 21.1 days annually, with only 3.8 days in which the snow depth exceeds .

The highest recorded temperature was on 6 July 1998 and the lowest recorded temperature was on 3 February 1972.

Demography
Population
At the time of the 2006 National Census, the city's population was 2,410,800 in 621,697 households. The following census in 2011 counted 2,766,258 people in 804,391 households. The 2016 census measured the population of the city as 3,001,184 people in 914,146 households.

Ethnic groups
The vast majority of Mashhadi people are ethnic , who form the majority of the city's population. Other include and people who have emigrated recently to the city from the North Khorasan province. There is also a significant community of non-Arabic speakers of Arabian descent who have retained a distinct Arabian culture, cuisine and religious practices.

There are also over 20 million pilgrims who visit the city every year.

Religion
Today, the holy shrine and its museum hold extensive cultural and artistic treasuries of Iran, in particular manuscript books and paintings. Several schools are associated with the shrine of the Eighth .

The second-largest holy city in the world, Mashhad attracts more than 20 million tourists and pilgrims every year, many of whom come to pay homage to the Imam Reza shrine (the eighth Shi'ite Imam). It has been a magnet for travellers since medieval times. Thus, even as those who complete the pilgrimage to Mecca receive the title of Haji, those who make the pilgrimage to Mashhad—and especially to the Imam Reza shrine—are known as Mashtee, a term employed also of its inhabitants. As an important problem, the duration when new passengers stay in Mashhad has been considerably reduced to 2 days and they prefer to finish their trip immediately after doing pilgrimage and shopping in the markets. There are about 3000–5000 unauthorized residential units in Mashhad, Unallowable places farsnews.ir which, as a unique statistic worldwide, has caused various problems in the city.

Although mainly inhabited by Muslims, there were in the past some religious minorities in Mashhad. They were mainly Jews, who were forcibly converted to Islam in 1839 after the Allahdad took place for in 1839. The double lives of Mashhadi Jews, The Jerusalem Post, 12 August 2007. They became known as Jadid al-Islam ("Newcomers in Islam"). On the outside, they adapted to the Islamic way of life, but often secretly kept their faith and traditions. Iran Foreign Policy & Government Guide (World Business Law Handbook Library), Usa Ibp, Intl Business Pubn., 2006, p. 149Abbas Hajimohammadi and Shaminder Dulai, eds. (6 November 2014). "Photos: The Life of Afghan Refugees in Tehran". Newsweek. Retrieved 7 November 2014.Koepke, Bruce (4 February 2011), "The Situation of Afghans in the Islamic Republic of Iran Nine Years After the Overthrow of the Taliban Regime in Afghanistan", Middle East Institute. Retrieved 7 November 2014

Economy
Mashhad is Iran's second largest automobile production hub. The city's economy is based mainly on dry fruits, salted nuts, saffron, Iranian sweets like gaz and sohaan, precious stones. According to the writings and documents, the oldest existing carpet attributed to the city belongs to the reign of Shah Abbas (Abbas I of Persia). Also, there is a type of carpet, classified as Mashhad Turkbâf, which, as its name suggests, is woven by hand with Turkish knots by craftsmen who emigrated from to Mashhad in the nineteenth century. Among other major industries in the city are the nutrition, clothing, leather, textiles, chemical, steel, metallic, and non-metallic mineral industries, construction materials factories, & the handicraft industry.

With more than 55% of all the hotels in Iran, Mashhad is the hub of tourism in the country. Religious shrines are the most powerful attractions for foreign travelers; as of 2015 every year, 20 to 30 million pilgrims from Iran and more than 2 million pilgrims and tourists from elsewhere around the world came to Mashhad.

Unemployment, poverty, drug addiction, and theft are the most important social problems of the city.

The in Mashhad had increased by 35 percent by 2014. Khorasan and Mashhad ranked the second in violence across the country in 2013.

Astan Quds Razavi
At the same time, the city has kept its character as a goal of pilgrimage, dominated by the strength of the economic and political authority of the Astan Quds Razavi, the administration of the Shrine waqf, probably the most important in the Muslim world and the largest active in Iran. The Astan Quds Razavi is a major player in the economy of the city of Mashhad.Christopher de Bellaigue, The Struggle for Iran, New York Review of Books, 2007, p.15 The land occupied by the shrine has grown fourfold since 1979 according to the head of the foundation's international relations department. The Shrine of Imam Reza is vaster than Vatican City. The foundation owns most of the real estate in Mashhad and rents out shop space to bazaaris and hoteliers. The main resource of the institution is endowments, estimated to have annual revenue of $210 billion. Iran: Order Out of Chaos is the current Custodian of Astan Quds Razavi.

Padideh Shandiz
International Tourism Development Company, an Iranian private joint-stock holding company, behaves like a public company by selling stocks despite being a joint-stock in the field of restaurants, tourism and construction, with a football club (Padideh F.C.; formerly named club Mes Sarcheshmeh). In January 2015, the company was accused of a "fraud" worth $34.3 billion, which is one eighth of Iran budget.

Credit institutions
Several credit institutions have been established in Mashhad, including Samenolhojaj (مؤسسه مالی و اعتباری ثامن الحجج), Samenola'emmeh (مؤسسه اعتباری ثامن) and Melal (formerly Askariye, مؤسسه اعتباری عسکریه). The depositors of the first institution have faced problem in receiving cash from the institution."مجوز تغییر نام موسسه اعتباری عسکریه به موسسه ملل صادر شد". کانون بانک ها و موسسات خصوصی. بازبینی‌شده در ۱۳۹۵/۰۴/۱۰.

Others
The city's International Exhibition Center is the second most active exhibition center after Tehran, which due to proximity to Central Asian countries hosts dozens of international exhibitions each year. Companies such as Smart-innovators in Mashhad are pioneers in electrical and computer technology.

Language
The language mainly spoken in Mashhad is with a variating Mashhadi accent, which can at times, prove itself as a sort of dialect. The Mashhadi Persian dialect is somewhat different from the standard Persian dialect in some of its tones and stresses.Area Handbook for Afghanistan, page 77, Harvey Henry Smith, American University (Washington, D.C.) Foreign Area Studies

Culture
Religious seminaries
Long a center of secular and religious learning, Mashhad has been a center for the and sciences, as well as piety and pilgrimage. Mashhad was an educational centre, with a considerable number of Islamic schools (madrasas, the majority of them, however, dating from the later Safavid period. Mashhad Hawza (Persian: حوزه علمیه مشهد) is one of the largest seminaries of traditional Islamic school of higher learning in Mashhad, which was headed by Abbas Vaez-Tabasi (who was Chairman of the Astan Quds Razavi board from 1979) after the revolution, and in which Iranian politician and clerics such as , , Abolghasem Khazali, Mohammad Reyshahri, Morteza Motahhari, Abbas Vaez-Tabasi, and Madmoud Halabi (the founder of and Mohammad Hadi Abd-e Khodaee learned Islamic studies). The number of seminary schools in Mashhad is now thirty nine and there are an estimated 2,300 seminarians in the city.مرکز مدیریت حوزهٔ علمیهٔ خراسان، کارنمای عملکرد سال ۱۳۸۶ مرکز مدیریت حوزهٔ علمیهٔ خراسان، ج ۱، ص ۹–۱۱

The Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, named after the Iranian poet, is located here. The of Ayatollah Al-Khoei, originally built in the seventeenth century, is the city's traditional centre for religious learning. The Razavi University of Islamic Sciences, founded in 1984, stands at the centre of town, within the shrine complex. Mashhad is also home to one of the oldest libraries of the Middle-East called the Central Library of Astan Quds Razavi with a history of over six centuries. There are some six million historical documents in the foundation's central library. A museum is also home to over 70,000 manuscripts from various historical eras. The Astan Quds Razavi Central Museum, which is part of the Astan-e Quds Razavi Complex, contains and historical artifacts. In 1976, a new edifice was designed and constructed by the Iranian architect to house the museum and the manuscripts.

In 1569 (977 H), 'Imad al-Din Mas'ud Shirazi, a physician at the Mashhad hospital, wrote the earliest Islamic treatise on , one influenced by European medical thought. Kashmar rug is a type of indigenous to this region.

During recent years, Mashhad has been a clerical base to monitor the affairs and decisions of state. In 2015, Mashhad's clerics publicly criticized the performance of concert in Mashhad, which led to the order of cancellation of concerts in the city by , the minister of culture, and then his resignation on 19 October 2016.

Newspapers
There are three influential newspapers in Mashhad, Khorasan (خراسان), Qods (قدس) and Shahrara (شهرآرا), which have been considered "conservative newspapers". They are three Mashhad-based daily published by and representing the views of their current and old owners: Foundation of Martyrs and Veterans Affairs, Astan Quds Razavi and Mashhad Municipality, respectively.

Capital of Islamic culture
The Islamic Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization named Mashhad 2017's "cultural capital of the Muslim world" in Asia. Several international events, especially entrepreneurs networking event entitled Entrepreneurs Show 2017, was organized by CODE International in collaboration with Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Khorasan Science and Technology Park, and city district government of Mashhad.

Main sites
Apart from Imam Reza shrine, there are a number of parks, the tombs of historical celebrities in nearby Tus and , the tomb of and park. The Koohestan Park-e-Shadi Complex includes a zoo, where wild animals are kept. It is also home to the Mashhad Airbase (formerly Imam Reza airbase), jointly a military installation housing aircraft, and a civilian international airport. Khurshid castle, Vakil Abad Park, Miniature Park, Professor Bazima Science Park, Astan Quds Razavi Museum, Keshti Dome, Harunieh Dome, Bird Garden, Anthropology Museum or Mehdi Qolibek Bath, Mellat Park, Naderi Museum and Bread Museum They are other sightseeing centers of Mashhad. Some points of interest lie outside the city: the tomb of Khajeh Morad, along the road to Tehran; the tomb of Khajeh Rabi' located north of the city where there are some inscriptions by the Safavid calligrapher ; and the tomb of Khajeh Abasalt, a distance of from Mashhad along the road to (the three were all disciples of ).

Among other sights are the tomb of the poet in Tus, distance, and the summer resorts at , Torogh, , , and . The Shah Public Bath, built during the era in 1648, is an example of the architecture of that period.

Transportation
Airport
Mashhad is served by the Mashhad International Airport, which handles domestic flights to Iranian cities and international flights, mostly to neighbouring . The airbase serves jointly as a civilian airport and a military airbase. During the June 2025 Israeli strikes on Iran, it was reported on 15 June that the Israeli Air Force bombed an at the airport.

The airport is the country's second-busiest after Tehran Mehrabad Airport and above Tehran's Imam Khomeini International Airport.

As of 2015 it was connected to 57 destinations and had frequent flights to 30 cities within Iran and 27 destinations in the Central Asia, the Middle East, East Asia and Europe. Photos: Airplane Overhaul Facility in Mashhad, Eastern Iran . Payvand.com.

The airport had a US$45.7 Million vast expansion project which finished by opening a new Haj Terminal with 10,000 m area on 24 May 2010 and followed by opening a new international terminal with 30000 m2 area with a new parking building, a new storage and cargo terminal, new safety and fire fighting buildings and upgrades to taxiways and equipment. Another US$26.5 Million development project for construction of a new hangar for aircraft repair facilities and expansion of the west side of the domestic terminal was underway using a BOT contract with companies in the private sector.

Rail
Mashhad railway station has Local, , , and InterRegio-Express services. The station is owned by IRI Railways and has daily services from most parts of the country, plus two suburban services. The building was designed by . Mashhad is connected to three major rail lines: -Mashhad, Mashhad- (running south), and Mashhad- at the border with . Some freight trains continue from Sarakhs towards and to , but have to change bogies because of the difference in . Cargo and passenger rail services are provided or operated by RAJA Rail Transportation Co., Joopar Co., and Fadak Trains Co. A new service from Nakhchivan, , to Mashhad, , was launched in December 2016.

In April of 2025, Iran and Turkmenistan agreed to start a cross-border passenger train linking Mashhard and Merv, Turkmenistan's capital, with the goal of strengthening economic ties.

Railway & Subway
Mashhad Urban Railway Corporation (MURCO) is constructing metro and light rail system for the city of Mashhad which includes four lines with length. Mashhad Urban Railway Operation Company (MUROC) is responsible for the operation of the lines. The LRT line has been operational since 21 February 2011 with length and 22 stations and is connected to Mashhad International Airport from early 2016. The total length of line 1 is 24 kilometers and has 24 stations. the current headway in peak hours is 4.5 minutes. The second line which is a metro line with 14.5  km length and 13 stations. line 2 construction was planned to finish in early 2020. The first phase of line 2 with 8 kilometers and 7 stations is started on 21 February 2017. On 20 March two stations were added to the network in test operational mode and the first interchange station was added to the network. On 7 May 2018, Iranian President Hassan Rouhani took part in the inauguration ceremony of the first Mashhad Urban Railway interchange station, "Shariati", which connects line 1 and 2. in 27 July shahid Kaveh station operation began and the length of the operational part of line 2 reached to 13.5 kilometers. On 18 November 2019 Alandasht station Began operative. Currently, line 2 operates every day with 13.5 km and 11 stations from 6 am to 10 pm, and the current headway is 10 minutes. Currently Mashhad Urban Railway Operation Company (MUROC) operates 2 lines with 37.5 kilometers length and 35 stations. Tunnel excavation of line 3 has begun and more than 14 kilometers of tunnel excavation is done using two Tunnel Boring Machines and operation of the first phase of line 3 was expected to start in 2021. Tunnel Excavation of line 4 was going to start in summer 2019.

Road
Road 95 links Mashhad south to Torbat-e Heydarieh and . Road 44 goes west towards Shahrud and . Road 22 travels northwest towards . in Turkmenistan is 220 km away and is accessible via Road 22 (AH78).

Bus
Mashhad operates a Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) system designed to improve traffic flow and mobility within the city. These lines provide direct transport to the Imam Reza Shrine.

Government and politics
Astan Quds
Astan Quds which controls the shrine- the tourism driver- is a wealthy tax exempt religious/political organization. It is recommended to reduce poverty in city a Bazaar be opened by poor people in a courtyard.

Members of Parliament
Mashhad's current members of parliament are described as politicians with fundamentalist conservative tendencies, who are mostly the members of Front of Islamic Revolution Stability, an Iranian principlist political group. They were elected to the Parliament on 26 February 2016.

Members of Assembly of Experts
Mahmoud Hashemi Shahroudi and are two members of the Iranian Assembly of Experts from Mashhad. Hashemi Shahroudi is currently First Vice-chairman of the Iranian Assembly of Experts. He was the Head of Iran's Judiciary from 1999 until 2009 who upon accepting his position, appointed , a well known fundamentalist and controversial figure during President Mahmud Ahmadinejad's reelection, prosecutor general of Iran. He was supported by Mashhad's reformists as the candidate of the Fifth Assembly on 26 February 2016.

City Council and mayor
In 2013, an Iranian principlist political group, Front of Islamic Revolution Stability (which is partly made up of former ministers of Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and Mohammad Taghi Mesbah Yazdi), gained a landslide victory in Mashhad City Council, which on 23 September 2013, elected Seyed as mayor, who was former governor of the province of South Khorasan and the city of Birjand. The municipality's budget amounted to 9600 billion Toman in 2015.

Universities and colleges
Universities

Colleges

Sports
Major sport teams
+

Other sports
City was host to 2009 Junior World Championships in sitting volleyball where Iran's junior team won gold.

is a sport in this city. Pahlevani and zoorkhaneh rituals have a special place in Mashhad and is one of the most important zoorkhaneh in Iran in Mashhad.

Mashhad cycling track was introduced in 2011 as the most equipped cycling track in Iran; Car racing track, motorcycle track and motocross track, three skating rinks, ski track and equestrian track in Mashhad are other sports tracks in Mashhad. The first golf course in Iran is located in the Samen complex of Mashhad.

Gallery
File:Vakilabad Highway.jpg|Mashhad at night File:RezaShrine.jpg|Imam Reza shrine File:Ferdowsi tomb4.jpg| Tomb File:Tomb of Nader Shah - Mashhad 3.jpg|Tomb of Nader Shah Afshar File:Koohsagi1.jpg| File:OLOOM1.JPG|Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad File:Rail Sq.jpg|Mashhad Railway Station File:Prodows Building 1.jpg|Ferdowsi Museum File:الماس شرق - panoramio.jpg|Almas Shargh (East Diamond) Shopping Center File:Ferdowsi's self-narration at the end of his life.jpg|'s self-narration at the end of his life File:Homa Watch of Mashhad.jpg|Homa Watch File:Statue Sq. of Mashhad (3).jpg|Former Statue Sq. element File:Mashhad Arman Mal (10).jpg|Mashhad Arman Mall File:(((پدیده شاندیز))) - panoramio.jpg|Padideh Shandiz Tourism Center File:Mashhad Arman Mal (14).jpg|Mashhad Arman Mall File:The replica of Radkan calendar structure.jpg|The replica of Radkan calendar structure File:Tombstone of Nader and Ferdowsi, at the the Mashhad 70s.jpg|Tombstone of Nader and Ferdowsi File:Mellat park.jpg|Mellat Park File:Kang, Razavi Khorasan Iran (1).jpg|Kang countryside File:کوهستان پارک مشهد.jpg|Koohestan Park File:Shashlik.jpg|, one of the in Mashhad File:SaffMHD.jpg|Mashhad is the major trade center of in Iran. File:Sheepskin (Poostin) industry of Mashhad and Shandezh.jpg|Sheepskin (Poostin) industry of Mashhad and File:Stone carving art of Mashhad.jpg|Stone carving art File:Stone and gem (Sang & GoharSang) industry of Mashhad.jpg|Stone and gem (Sang & GoharSang) industry File:Mashhad Metro (7).jpg|A Masterpiece in Mashhad metro station File:Negare (Statues)(7).jpg|Fereydoon Seddiqi's prominent stone motifs File:Zal & Simorgh (1).jpg|Zaal & Simorgh Story File:(Shah - Emam) Reza 1.jpg|Emam Reza Historic Hospital File:Stmesropchurch.jpg| Armenian church in Mashhad File:Haruniyeh.JPG| in Tous File:Arg Structure.jpg|Arg Structure File:Malekshouse.jpg|Malek's House in Mashhad File:خانه ی تاریخی داروغه.JPG|Daroogheh Historical House File:Mashhad Firefighter's Parade 02.jpg|Mashhad 's Parade File:Mashhad Firefighter's Parade 05.jpg|Mashhad 's Parade File:00 Traffic playground in Mashhad Iran 3.jpg| of Mashhad File:Mashhad Airport by Tasnimnews 05.jpg|Mashhad Airport Terminal File:Mashhad Airport by Tasnimnews 13.jpg|Mashhad Intl. Airport File:MShHD RailPort (1).jpg|Old picture of Mashhad Railway Station File:کوهسنگی مشهد.jpg|TV Square File:Mashhad entrance at the end of Nouroz holidays 07.jpg|Imam Hossein Square and Kalaat Road File:UrbanRailwayMSHD.jpg|Mashhad Urban Railway File:Mashhad Metro 2020-05-26 16.jpg|Mashhad Metro File:Ferdowsi St.jpg|Ferdowsi Sq. File:Streets of 1970s Mashhad.jpg File:AltonTower-14.jpg|Alton Tower File:TousMuseum2.jpg|Tous Museum near Mashhad File:Shandiz2.jpg|, a tourist town near Mashhad File:IranianHandicrafts.JPG|Some Iranian (metalwork) in Torghabeh File:Mashhadcountryside.jpg|Mashhad's countryside File:Pistols - Afsharid Empire.JPG| from era at Museum File:Mashhad Metro Shariati Station 2.jpg|Mashhad Metro () Station File:Mashhad Metro (Basij Station).jpg|Mashhad Metro entrance and urban design File:آرامگاه خواجه ربیع (3).jpg|Al-Rabi ibn Khuthaym (Khajeh Rabie Tomb) File:Mashad masjed khiyaboon.jpg|A mosque in Mashhad File:Goharshad2.jpg|, Abbasid Ivan in Atiq yard File:Goharshad-mosque-mashhad-IRAN.jpg| File:Kang, Razavi Khorasan Iran (7).jpg|Kang countryside File:Mashhad entrance at the end of Nouroz holidays 08.jpg File:Mashhad entrance at the end of Nouroz holidays 03.jpg File:Mashhad entrance at the end of Nouroz holidays 05.jpg File:Mashhad entrance at the end of Nouroz holidays 01.jpg File:Koore-Rastegar (3).jpg|Oven of Rastgar Moqaddam File:Mashhad Solar Power Plant (3).jpg|Mashhad Solar Power Plant File:Mashhad Farabi Hospital.jpg|Mashhad Hospital File:Tulips in Mellat park of Mashhad 2020-04-10 04.jpg|Tulips in Mellat Park File:پارک ملت(به یاد عکس گذشته)دNation Park - panoramio.jpg|Mellat Park File:Night shot of MellatPark.jpg|Night shot of Mellat Park File:Mashhad Metro 2020-05-26 11.jpg|Metro boarding card charging area File:Mashhad botanic garden 20190520 05.jpg|Mashhad Botanic Garden File:Mashhad botanic garden 20190520 02.jpg File:Mashhad DSC00409.JPG|Almas Shargh Shopping Center File:Shetab1400.jpg|Mashhad named Shetab File:00 Traffic playground in Mashhad Iran.jpg|Traffic playground to learn kids traffic rules File:Snow in Mashhad - 17 December 2012 11.jpg|Snow in Mashhad, December 2012

Mashhad as capital of Iran and independent Khorasan
The following had Mashhad as their capital:

Notable people from Mashhad and Toos
Artists
File:Statue of Ferdowsi in Tus, Iran 3 (cropped).jpg|, author of one of the world's longest epic poems created by a single poet, and the greatest epic of Persian speaking countries

Music File:Mohamdreza Shajarian.jpg|Mohammad-Reza Shajarian (Siyavash Bidgani), singer-songwriter. He received the , UNESCO Mozart Medal, and National Order of Merit (France). File:Darya Dadvar.jpg|Darya Dadvar, soprano soloist and composer File:25BAND_by_Pouria_Afkhami_aka_pixoos_ADEL_and_TAMIN.png| and A-del in 25 (Toos) band

Cinema File:Ovanes Ohanian.jpg|Ovanes Ohanian, Director File:Young Amir Ghavidel.jpg|, Art Director File:Mehdi Sabbaghzadeh.jpg|Mehdi Sabbagh zade, Director, screenwriter and producer File:Kourosh Ahari.jpg|Kourosh Ahari, Director, screenwriter and producer File:Mohammad Motie 20100924 06.jpg|Mohammad Motie, actor File:Reza Kianian 2019.jpg|, actor File:Anoushirvan Arjmand.jpg|Anoushirvan Arjmand, actor File:Reza Attaran 13970619000020636721371289673248 15159 (cropped).jpg|, actor File:Borzou Arjmand at his father funeral ceremony.jpg|Borzoo Arjmand, actor File:Mitra-Hajjar.jpg|, actress File:Sareh Bayat 1 (cropped).jpg|, actress File:Hamed Behdad 2020.jpg|, actor File:Hamid Reza Sadr.jpg|Hamid Reza Sadr, film and football critic and journalist File:Pori 5.jpg|Homayun, actor File:Mohammad.shiri.jpg|Mohammad Shiri, actor File:Dariush Arjmand 1399040210415056720639584.jpg|Dariyush Arjmand, actor File:Raziyani.jpg|Hassan Raziani, actor

File:ایران درودی- Iran Darroudi.jpg|, Surreal painter File:رضا رفیع.jpg|Reza Rafi', poet

  • 25band, both singers born in Mashhad; Pop Group formed in 2010
  • , born June 1975 in Mashhad; an Iranian singer, guitar player and singer-songwriter
  • Ali "Dubfire" Shirazinia, born 19 April 1971; musician/dj (co-founder of Deep Dish)
  • , March 1947 – November 2009; an Iranian director and script writer
  • Anoushirvan Arjmand, Iranian actor
  • , Iranian actor
  • , born 17 November 1973 in Mashhad; Iranian actor
  • , born 1958 in Mashhad; Iranian musician and tar and setar player
  • Homayoun Shajarian, Mohammad-Reza Shajarian's son, born 21 May 1975; renowned Persian classical music vocalist, as well as a Tombak and Kamancheh player
  • , born 2 September 1936 in Mashhad; Iranian artist
  • , born 30 May 1977 in Mashhad; Iranian photographer and cinematographer
  • Mahdi Bemani Naeini, born 3 November 1968; Iranian film director, cinematographer, TV cameraman and photographer
  • , born 16 August 1950 in Mashhad; Iranian-American actor
  • , born 4 February 1977; Iranian actress
  • Mohammad-Reza Shajarian, born 23 September 1940 in Mashhad; internationally and critically acclaimed Persian traditional singer, composer and Master (Ostad) of Persian music
  • , born 1976 in Torbat-e-Jaam; Iranian singer-songwriter, author, musician and setar player
  • , born 2 June 1968 in Mashhad; Iranian-American actor
  • Noureddin Zarrinkelk, born 1937 in Mashhad; renowned Iranian animator, concept artist, editor, graphic designer, illustrator, layout artist, photographer, script writer and sculptor
  • , ?–1961 Tehran; Armenian-Iranian filmmaker who established the first film school in Iran
  • , born 1959 in Mashhad; Iranian-American artist
  • , born 1967 in Mashhad; internationally acclaimed Iranian film director
  • , born 31 March 1968 in Mashhad; Iranian actor and director
  • , born 17 July 1951 in Mashhad; Iranian actor
  • Shahin Ebrahimzadeh-Pezeshki, born 1958 in Mashhad; Persian textile and costume art historian, historian of tribal costumes, textile artist, author, researcher and curator
  • born Mashhad, Iran is an Iranian producer, television presenter, and director.

Entrepreneurs
File:AnoushehAnsari.jpg| engineer, and chairman of Prodea Systems, co-founder and CEO of Telecom Technologies, Inc. (TTI), sponsor of the Ansari X Prize

  • , born 12 September 1966; the Iranian-American co-founder and chairman of Prodea Systems, Inc., and a spaceflight participant with the Russian space program
  • , Iranian businessman and Persian carpet dealer who owns Sabet International Trading Co.
  • , born 1930 in Mashhad, Iran; Iranian born industrialist and philanthropist, of French nationality

Sports
File:Heshmat Mohajerani.jpg|Heshmat Mohajerani, footballer and former football manager File:Maryam Sedarati 1974.jpg|, athlete File:Rasoul Khadem 2016 Summer Olympics.jpg|, coach File:Javad Mahjoub.jpg| File:Khodadad Azizi 03.jpg| File:Reza Ghoochannejhad in 2014.jpg|Reza Ghoochannejhad Frahad Zarif-2014.jpg|, volleyball player

  • , born 10 May 1963 in Mashhad, Iranian football coach, manager and former player
  • Abbas Golmakani, World's wrestling champion during the 1950s
  • Abolfazl Safavi, Iran professional football player for Aboumoslem team in Takhte Jamshid League. He was later executed in prison by the Iranian regime in 1982 for his affiliation with Iranian opposition, the MEK.
  • , athlete
  • Alireza Vahedi Nikbakht, born 30 June 1980 in Mashhad; Iranian professional football player
  • Amir Ghaseminejad, born 11 September 1985 in Mashhad, judoka
  • Amir Reza Khadem, born 10 February 1970 in Mashhad, wrestler
  • born 1971 in Mashhad, wrestler
  • Farbod Farman, basketballer
  • , born 3 March 1983, volleyballer
  • , born 4 February 1990, Iranian futsaler/indoor soccer player
  • , born 1 February 1983, basketballer
  • Hamid Reza Mobarez, born 18 February 1981, swimmer
  • Heshmat Mohajerani, born January 1936 in Mashhad, Iran; Iranian football coach, manager and former player
  • , born 13 September 1981, Iranian professional football player
  • , Iranian futsaler/indoor soccer player
  • , judoka
  • , born 22 June 1971 in Mashhad, Iran; retired professional football striker
  • , born 10 November 1965, Iranian-American former futsaler/indoor soccer player , racing driver
  • , born 3 May 1987, Iranian futsaler/indoor soccer player
  • , born 26 August 1978, wrestler
  • , born 1 June 1950, athlete. Iran record holder in women high jump for three decades.
  • Masoud Haji Akhondzadeh, born 29 April 1978, judoka
  • , 7 September 1935 – 24 November 2020, wrestler
  • Mohammad Mansouri, Iranian professional football player
  • , Iranian football referee
  • , born 17 February 1972 in Mashhad; wrestler
  • , born 23 September 1976, Iranian professional football player
  • Reza Ghoochannejhad, born 20 September 1987, Iranian-Dutch professional football player
  • , born 18 May 1988, basketballer

Religious and political figures
  • Abbas Vaez-Tabasi, 25 June 1935 – 4 March 2016; Grand Imam and Chairman of the Astan Quds Razavi board
  • Abdolreza Rahmani Fazli, born 1959 in Shirvan; Interior Minister of President
  • Abu Muslim Khorasani, –755; Abu Muslim Abd al-Rahman ibn Muslim al-Khorasani, Abbasid general of Persian origin
  • , 1058–1111; Islamic theologian, jurist, philosopher, cosmologist, psychologist and mystic of Persian origin
  • Al-Hurr al-Aamili, Shia scholar and muhaddith
  • , born approximately August 4, 1930; Twelver Shi'a marja residing in Iraq since 1951
  • , (1960-2024), 8th President of Iran
  • , Persian noble and wife of Shāh Rukh, the emperor of the Timurid dynasty of Herāt
  • , b. 1947; mid-ranking cleric who is a member of the reformist Association of Combatant Clerics
  • Hassan Ghazizadeh Hashemi, born 21 March 1959 in ; Minister of Health and Medical Education of President
  • Hassan Rahimpour Azghadi, Conservative political strategist and television personality in the Islamic Republic of Iran
  • Hossein Vahid Khorasani, born in 1921; Iranian Twelver Shi'a Marja
  • Mohammad-Ali Abtahi, born January 27, 1958; former Vice President of Iran and a close associate of former reformist President Khatami
  • Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf, born 23 August 1961 in Torghabeh, near Mashhad; the former Mayor of Tehran and current Speaker of Parliament
  • Mohammad-Kazem Khorasani, 1839–1911; Twelver Shi'a Marja, Persian (Iranian) politician, philosopher and reformer
  • Morteza Motahhari, 31 January 1919 in – 1 May 1979; an Iranian cleric, philosopher, lecturer and politician
  • Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, born February 1201 in Tūs, Khorasan – 26 June 1274 in al-Kāżimiyyah, near Baghdad; Persian of the Ismaili and subsequently Twelver Shī'ah Islamic belief
  • , 1018 – 14 October 1092; celebrated Persian scholar and vizier of the Seljuq Empire
  • , born 1965 in Mashhad; Iranian politician and the former present secretary of Iran's Supreme National Security Council
  • Seyed Hassan Firuzabadi, current major general, Islamic Republic of Iran
  • Seyyed Ali Khamenei, born 19 April 1939; former president and current supreme leader of Iran
  • Shahrukh (Timurid dynasty), August 20, 1377 – March 12, 1447; ruler of the eastern portion of the empire established by the Central Asian warlord Timur (Tamerlane)
  • , 385–460 A.H.; prominent Persian scholar of the Shi'a Twelver Islamic belief
  • Sheikh Ali Tehrani, brother-in-law of Seyyed Ali Khamenei, currently living in Iran. He is one of the oppositions of current Iranian government.

Pahlavic politicians
File:Abdolhossein Teymourtash.jpg|Abdol-Hoseyn Teymoortash, influential Iranian statesman who served as the first minister of court of the Pahlavi dynasty File:Manuchehr Eghbal.jpg|Manouchehr Eghbal, 65th Prime Minister of Iran File:Ali BozorgNia 1335.jpg|Ali Bozorgnia File:Amirteymour Kalali.jpg|Amirteymour Kalali, prominent statesman

  • Abdolhossein Teymourtash, prominent Iraninan statesman and first minister of justice under the Pahlavis
  • Amirteymour Kalali, prominent Iraninan statesman
  • Manouchehr Eghbal, 14 October 1909 – 25 November 1977; a Prime Minister of Iran

Science & scientists
Stamps of Azerbaijan, 2001-593 (cropped).jpg|Nasiroddin (Mohammad) Toosi Liebig Company Trading Card Ad 01.12.002 front.tif|Jaber Toosi

  • Abū al-Wafā' Būzjānī, 10 June 940 – 1 July 998; Persian mathematician and astronomer
  • Abū Ja'far al-Khāzin, 900–971; Persian astronomer and mathematician from Khorasan
  • Jābir ibn Hayyān, in Tus – in Kufa; prominent , a chemist and alchemist, astronomer and astrologer, engineer, geographer, philosopher, physicist and pharmacist and physician
  • Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, born February 1201 in Tūs, Khorasan – 26 June 1274 in al-Kāżimiyyah near Baghdad; Persian of the Ismaili and subsequently Twelver Shī'ah Islamic belief
  • Sharaf al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī, 1135–1213; Persian mathematician and astronomer of the Islamic Golden Age (during the Middle Ages)

Writers and literati
  • , 995–1077; a Persian historian and author
  • Ali Akbar Fayyaz, a renowned historian of early Islam and literary critic, founder of the School of Letters and Humanities at the Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
  • Abu-Mansur Daqiqi, 935/942–976/980
  • Abusa'id Abolkhayr, 7 December 967 – 12 January 1049 / Muharram ul Haram 1, 357 – Sha'aban 4, 440 AH; a Persian Sufi who contributed extensively to the evolution of Sufi tradition
  • , 1126–1189; one of the greatest Persian poets
  • , born in Tus, Iranian province of Khorasan, died in 1072 in Tabriz, Iran; Persian poet of Iranian national epics
  • , 935–1020 in Tus; a Persian poet
  • Mehdi Akhavan-Sales, 1928, Mashhad, Iran – 1990, Tehran, Iran; a Persian poet
  • Mohammad Mokhtari (writer), Iranian writer who was murdered on the outskirts of Tehran in the course of the Chain Murders of Iran
  • Mohammad-Taghi Bahar, 6 November 1884, Mashhad, Iran – 22 April 1951, Tehran, Iran

File:Imanian-A.jpg|Asghar Imanian, fighter pilot File:پری امید.jpg|Pari Mohammadzade Omid, Heavy vehicle driver

Twin towns – sister cities
Mashhad is with:

Consulates
Active
  • (1996–)
  • (1975–)
  • (1919–?,1930–?, 2014–)
  • (1995–)

Former
  • (1889–1975)Onley, James. The Arabian Frontier of the British Raj: Merchants, Rulers, and the British in the Nineteenth-Century Gulf. New York: Oxford University Press, 2007, p. 15. .
  • (1889–1917)
  • (1917–1937, 1941–1979)
  • (1941–?)
  • (1949–1979)
  • Poland
  • ()
  • (1995–2009)
  • (2004–2016)

See also
  • The National Library of Astan Quds Razavi
  • Mashadi Jewish Community
  • Sport Sciences Research Institute of Iran

Notes
Sources
  • (1999). 9789644442216, Islamic Research Foundation.

External links

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