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Martos is a city and municipality of Spain belonging to the province of Jaén in the autonomous community of Andalusia.
With a population of over 24,000 people, Martos is the fifth largest municipality in the province and the second in Jaén metropolitan area. Housing lies at the foot of the 1,003-metre (3,290 ft) Peña de Martos, on the western side of the Sierra Sur de Jaén, a subrange of the Baetic System, in the south of the Iberian Peninsula.
As is essentially the case in the entire province of Jaén, the economy of Martos is heavily based on agriculture, specifically the cultivation of the olive tree. With over 22,000 hectares of olive fields (accounting for 85% of the municipality area) and 20 million liters per year, Martos is the largest olive oil producing city in the world, thus earning the nickname of 'Cradle of the Olive Grove'.
Martos is also an important industrial center in inner Andalusia. French global automotive supplier Valeo established a factory in the city in the 1980s, making it the largest business in the province. Moreover, the low-cost fuel sales company Petroprix was founded in Martos in 2013, becoming the fastest-growing energy company of Europe in 2024.
In 1225, King Ferdinand III of Castile and Leon were handed the city from Al Bayyasi in exchange for helping Al Bayyasi in his war against the Almohads in Andalusia. Subsequently, Ferdinand III incorporated it into his kingdom.
During the Middle Ages, Martos became a strategic place, and its defences were reinforced with the construction of numerous fortifications in the city.
At the end of the 19th century and beginning of the 20th century, Martos underwent significant economic and urban development (reflected in the city's architecture), in large part due to the wealth derived from the industrial production of olive oil. Martos thus became one of the most prosperous cities of eastern Andalusia.
In 350, it lost territory to establish the Diocese of Cástulo (now also a titular see), which it regained at that bishopric's suppression around 400. In 715, it was suppressed to establish the Diocese of Beaza.
Recorded bishops are Rogato (675? – 688?) and Teudisclo (693? – ?).
Martos experienced strong population growth in the first half of the 20th century, reaching a peak of over 30,000 inhabitants in the 1950s. However, the population began to decline rapidly due to a lack of job opportunities that led to a massive rural exodus in Andalusia, particularly in the Province of Jaén and Province of Almería. Most of emigrants left for Madrid, Barcelona and the Spanish Levante.
The population stabilized around 1990 and gradually grew until the early 2010s. This growth was motivated by a strong industrialization of the city, which included better road communications such as the A-316 highway.
The 2008 financial crisis had severe effects in Spain and the province of Jaén in particular, as most cities in the province suffered a serious population decline during the 2010s. Martos was one of the few towns in the area that did not experience such declines, stabilizing at more than 24,000 people for over a decade.
In 2022, there were 1,074 foreigners residing in Martos, accounting for approximately 4.5% of the population. This figure is considerably lower than Spain's average of 13%, but double the percentage in the province of Jaén (approximately 2%).
The population unofficially grows during winter due to , who come to the city for olive harvest. These workers mostly come from other parts of Spain and the Maghreb.
The electoral census is made up of residents over 18 years of age registered in the municipality, whether they are of Spanish nationality or from any member country of the European Union.
The Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) has won both the popular and electoral vote in all 12 elections, of which it obtained an absolute majority 8 times (last time in 2023). Despite this, PSOE has not governed in 2 legislative terms: 1995–1999, when the local Agrupación Progresista Independiente reached the office through a tripartite agreement that included the People's Party and Partido Andalucista, and 2011–2015, when Partido Andalucista and the People's Party agreed to share the mayorship (2011–2013 for PA and 2013–2015 for PP).
| Carnival | February | |
| Spring Party | Around 21 March | Parties and concerts for young people are held |
| Holy Week | Last week of Lent | Considered of tourist interest by the Junta de Andalucía. |
| Virgin of the Villa | First Tuesday after Holy Week | |
| Saint Amador | 5 May | Patron saint of the town |
| Romería of the Virgin of the Victory | Last weekend of May | Held in the Rock of Martos. |
| Corpus Christi | Thursday after Trinity Sunday; 60 days after Easter, or the Sunday immediately following this | Children who have received their first communion that year participate in a procession |
| Martha | 29 July | Patron saint of the town |
| Festival of Saint Bartholomew | Late August | Major festival of the city |
| Festival of the Olive | 8 December | A festive week symbolizing the start of the olive harvest season, first held in 1980. |
The most important sports club is Martos CD, a Tercera Federación football club.
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