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A machair (; sometimes machar in English) is a fertile low-lying grassy plain found on part of the northwestern of Ireland and Scotland, particularly the Outer Hebrides. The best examples are found on North Uist and South Uist, Harris and Lewis.
In 1976, an attempt was made to strictly define machair, although a number of systems still evade classification. This proved difficult when the habitat was listed on Annex I of the Habitats Directive in 1992, leading to the distinction between "machair grassland" and the "machair system".
The inside of a machair is often wet or marshy, and may contain lochs.
The soil is low in a number of key , including trace elements such as copper, cobalt and manganese, requiring cattle to be fed supplements or taken to summer pastures elsewhere. The sandy soil does not hold nutrients well, making artificial fertilisers ineffective and limiting the crops that can be grown to certain varieties of oats and rye, and bere barley.
Rising sea levels, a consequence of global warming, also pose a threat to low-lying coastal areas, leading to increased erosion. In January 1993, the storm which ran MV Braer aground off Shetland eroded of machair along the entire length of Uist and Barra. On 11/12 January
2005, a storm blew consistently in excess of Beaufort scale, destroying hectares of machair.
Geography
Machair differs from the links on the east coast of Scotland in having a lower mineral content, whereas the links are high in silica. Machair plains are highly calcareous, with calcium carbonate concentrations ranging from 20% to 80% on the beaches, and decreasing further away from the coast. The pH of a machair is typically greater than 7, i.e. it is Alkalinity.
Formation
The modern theory of machair formation was first put forward by William MacGillivray in 1830. He worked out that shell fragments are rolled by waves towards the shore, where they are further broken up. The small shell fragments are blown up the beach to form mounds, which are then blown inland.
Humans
Human activity has played an important role in the creation of the machair. Archaeological evidence suggests that some trees were cleared for agriculture as early as 6000 BC, but there was still some woodland on the coast of South Uist as late as 1549. Seaweed deposited by early farmers provided a protective cover and added nutrients to the soil. The grass is kept short by cattle and sheep, which also add trample and add texture to the Grassland, forming tussocks that favour a number of bird species.
Ecology
Machairs have received considerable ecological and conservational attention, chiefly because of their unique .
Sea
Kelp in the sea next to the machair softens the impact of waves, reducing erosion, and when it is washed ashore by storms, forms a protective barrier on the beach. As the kelp decays, it provides a home for local sand flies, which in turn provide food for flocks of and other , wintering , and others. When covered with sand, kelp will compost to form a fertile bed in which annual coastal flowers and marram grass will thrive.
Flora
They can house rare species , including Orchidaceae such as Spiranthes and the Hebridean spotted orchid and other plants such as the yellow rattle.
Fauna
Bird species including the corn crake, twite, dunlin, common redshank and ringed plover, as well as rare insects such as the northern colletes bee, the great yellow bumblebee ( Bombus distinguendus) and the moss carder bee ( Bombus muscorum), are found there.
Threats
Arable and fallow machair is threatened by changes in land management, where the original system of crofts is under threat from a reduction in the number of crofters and the use of "modern" techniques. Changes in the Common Agricultural Policy, which decoupled production from subsidy, reduced the amount of grazing taking place in many crofting areas, and led to some areas being undergrazed or abandoned. A lack of native seed increases the need for fertiliser and herbicides.
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