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A kholop (Ukrainian and Russian language холо́п; , ) was a type of feudal serf in Kievan Rus' from the 9th to early 12th centuries. The legal status of kholops in the 16th-century Tsardom of Russia was essentially the same as slavery.
In the 11th–12th centuries, the term referred to different categories of dependent people and especially slaves. A kholops master had unlimited power over his life, e.g., he could kill him, sell him, or transfer ownership of him to settle a debt. The master, however, was responsible for a kholops actions, such as insulting a Free tenant or stealing.
A person could become a kholop as a result of capture, selling oneself, being sold for debts, after having committed , or through marriage to a kholop. Until the late 15th century, the kholops represented a majority among the servants, who had been working lordly lands. Some kholops, mainly house , replenished the ranks of the servants (including those in the military) or engaged themselves in trades, farming, or administrative activities.
Boevie kholopi (, "combat slaves"), also known as "military slaves" in literature, constituted an armed retinue and personal protection for large and medium-sized landowners in the 16th–18th centuries, and carried out military service together with noblemen, constituting a considerable part of the "Landed Army". They were equipped as mounted archers, usually wearing cheap quilted armor and caps. — Detailed descriptions of the military and civil clothing in Russia from 862–1855 .
" Kabala people" was a variation of kholops in Muscovy of 15th–17th centuries. This category of unfree population came under the /" itemprop="url" title="Wiki: Debt bondage">Debt bondage (heavy debt bondage) condition following a monetary loan for percentage of which it had serve its creditor until completion of the debt payment. Legal status of the Kabala kholops was regulated by general kholops norms and laws Sudebnik of 1550, Sobornoye Ulozheniye of 1649. After the Ukaze of 1 February 1597, the principle of the kholop's servitude until the death of his / her creditor was enacted. Over time, all types of kholops were placed to the category of Kabala kholops. Agreements on Kabala kholops were inscribed in " Kabala books".
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