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Joinery is a part of woodworking that involves joining pieces of wood, engineered lumber, or synthetic substitutes (such as laminate), to produce more complex items. Some woodworking joints employ mechanical fasteners, bindings, or adhesives, while others use only wood elements (such as dowels or plain mortise and tenon fittings).
The characteristics of wooden joints—strength, flexibility, toughness, appearance, etc.—derive from the properties of the materials involved and the purpose of the joint. Therefore, different joinery techniques are used to meet differing requirements. For example, the joinery used to construct a house can be different from that used to make cabinetry or furniture, although some concepts overlap. In British English joinery is distinguished from carpentry, which is considered to be a form of structural timber work; in other locales joinery is considered a form of carpentry.
As the trade modernized new developments have evolved to help speed, simplify, or improve joinery. Alongside the integration of different glue formulations, newer mechanical joinery techniques include Biscuit joiner and Domino joiner joints, and pocket screw joinery.
This must be taken into account when joining wood parts together, otherwise the joint is destined to fail. Gluing boards with the grain running perpendicular to each other is often the reason for split boards, or broken joints. Some furniture from the 18th century, while made by master craftsmen, did not take this into account. The result is a masterful work that may suffer from broken bracket feet, which was often attached with a glued block, which ran perpendicular to the base pieces. The glue blocks were fastened with both glue and nails, resulting in unequal expansion and contraction between the pieces. This was also the cause of splitting of wide boards, which were commonly available and used during that period.
In modern woodworking it is even more critical, as heating and air conditioning causes more severe respiration demands between the environment and the wood's interior fibers. All woodworking joints must take these changes into account, and allow for the resulting movement.Pro Woodworking Tips.com Each wood species has a general respiration rate; a generally-assumed time length for acclimating a board to its locale is 1 year per inch of thickness. In preparing raw wood for eventual usage as furniture or structures, one must account for uneven respiration and changes in the wood's dimensions, as well as cracking or checking.
Different species of wood have different strength levels, and the exact strength may vary from sample to sample. Species also may differ on their length, density and parallelism of their cellulose strands.
All reinforcements using wood as the introduced spanning material make use of the item's cellulose fibers to resist breakage. Biscuits or dominos may provide only slight strength improvement while still forming a strong alignment guide for the joint's pieces. September 29, 2020
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| Butt joint | The end of a piece of wood is butted against another piece of wood. This is the simplest and weakest joint. Of those, there is the a) T-butt, b) end-to-end butt, c) Miter butt and d) edge-to-edge butt. | |
| Lap joint | The end of a piece of wood is laid over and connected to another piece of wood. Due to a large surface area of long-grain to long-grain wood and glue surface coverage, this is a very strong joint.Wood Magazine "Wood Joint Torture Test" | |
| Bridle joint | Also known as open tenon, open mortise and tenon, or tongue and fork joints, this joint is where the through mortise is open on one side and forms a fork shape. The mate has a through tenon or necked joint. Bridle joints are commonly used to join rafter tops, also used in and sometimes sill corner joints in timber framing. | |
| Mortise and tenon | A stub (the tenon) will fit tightly into a hole cut for it (the mortise). This is a hallmark of Mission Style furniture, and also the traditional method of jointing frame and panel members in many designs. Can be considered a fully-encapsulated Bridle Joint. Very popular and strong, with variations for the tenon design, appearance, and mechanical pressure. | |
| Dowel joint | The end of a piece of wood is butted against another piece of wood. This is reinforced with dowel pins. This joint is quick to make with production line machinery and so is a very common joint in factory-made furniture. | |
| Cross dowel joint | A threaded metal dowel is inserted into a drilled slot. A screw is then inserted through an opposing slot and tightened to create a pull effect. This type of join is a very common joint in factory-made furniture. | |
| Mitre joint | Similar to a butt joint, but both pieces have been beveled (usually at a 45-degree angle). | |
| Box joint | A corner joint with interlocking square fingers. Receives pressure from two directions. | |
| Dovetail joint | A form of box joint where the fingers are locked together by diagonal cuts. | |
| Dado joint | Also called a housing joint or trench joint, a slot is cut across the grain in one piece for another piece to sit in; shelves on a bookshelf having slots cut into the sides of the shelf, for example. | |
| Groove joint | Like the dado joint, except that the slot is cut with the grain. Sometimes referred to interchangeably with the dado joint. | |
| Tongue and groove | Each piece has a groove cut all along one edge, and a thin, deep ridge (the tongue) on the opposite edge. If the tongue is unattached, it is considered a spline joint. | |
| Birdsmouth joint | Also called a bird's beak cut, this joint used in roof construction. A V-shaped cut in the rafter connects the rafter to the wall-plate. | |
| Lap joint | A joint in which the two members are joined by removing material from each at the point of intersection so that they overlap. | |
| Splice joint | A joint used to attach two members end to end. | |
| Scarf joint | A form of lap joint for attaching the ends of two members using bevel cuts. | |
| Knapp joint | Also known as scallop and dowel, scallop and peg, Megan Fitzpatrick. "The history of the cove-and-pin joint". 2018. pin and cove, pin and scallop, or half moon. "Fun furniture fact: The Knapp joint". Most furniture factories in the East and Midwest of the United States made Knapp joint drawers from around 1871 to 1900. |
| Pocket-hole joinery | A countersunk screw is driven into the joint at an angle. | |
| Biscuit joiner | A wooden oval is glued into two corresponding crescent-shaped slots. | |
| Floating tenon joint | Also known as a loose tenon joint, a type of mortise and tenon joint where both work pieces are mortised to receive a double-ended tenon. | |
| Stitch and glue | Wood panels secured temporarily together, usually with copper wire, and glued permanently in place with epoxy resin. |
The terms joinery and joiner are in common use in Canada, UK, Australia, and New Zealand. The term is not in common use in America, although the main trade union for American carpenters is called the United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America.
In the UK, an apprentice of wood occupations could choose to study bench joinery or site carpentry and joinery. Bench joinery is the preparation, setting out, and manufacture of joinery components while site carpentry and joinery focus on the installation of the joinery components, and on the setting out and fabrication of timber elements used in construction.
In Canada, joinery is considered a separate trade from carpentry. Both having their own apprenticeship path and red-seal certification.
The original sense of joinery is only distantly related to the modern practice of woodworking joints, which are the work of carpenters. This new technique developed over several centuries and joiners started making more complex furniture and panelled rooms. Cabinetmaking became its own distinct furniture-making trade too, so joiners (under that name) became more associated with the room panelling trade.
By the height of craft woodworking (late 18th century), carpenters, joiners, and cabinetmakers were all distinct and would serve different .
In British English, a joiner is colloquially known as a "chippy".
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