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Jalair (; Karakalpak: Jalayir; Kazakh language: Жалайыр; Kyrgyz language: Жалайыр; ; ; Persian language: جلایر; Uzbek language: Jaloyir), also Djalair, Yyalair, Jalayir, is Tribe of Mongols or Turkic peoples origin.Rashiddun Fazlullah; Thackston, W. M. (Wheeler McIntosh) (1998). Compendium of Chronicles: A History of the Mongols, part 1. The Turkic nations that are now called Mongols but in times past were separate nations, each with its own language and name.
Rashid al-Din Hamadani. Сборник летописей. Т.I, кн.1. М., Л., 1952. (Translation by O. I. Smirnova, ed. Prof. A. A. Semenov) Москва. p. 18. In Russian: "В ту пору из тех монголов, название которых джалаир, — а они суть из дарлекинов, — и обстоятельное изложение ветвей и разрядов аснаф племен которых было дано, несколько племен обитало в пределах Кэлурэна; они составляли семьдесят куреней." In English: "At that time, among those Mongols called Jalayir — who were of the Darlikins, whose branches and divisions asnāf had already been described — several tribes dwelt within the territory of the Kerulen; they formed seventy encampments." They lived along the Orkhon River in modern day Central Mongolia.History of Mongolia, Volume II, 2003 After the Mongol conquest in the 13th century many Jalairs spread over Central Asia and the Middle East. Jalairs become part of various Mongolic and Turkic peoples. Jalairs are one of the founding tribes of Mongolia's largest ethnic group Khalkha. People with the clan name of Jalayir are also found in Inner Mongolia in China. The Jalayirs who stayed in Central Asia under the rules of Genghis Khan's older sons' descendants eventually become part of various Turkic people of central asia. They are found among the Kazakhs of the Great jüz; also they are found among the Uzbeks (especially among Uzbeks of Southern Tajikistan and Afghanistan), Karakalpaks, and the Kyrgyz people. The Jalairs who went to Iran and Iraq founded the Jalairid Sultanate in 1330, and expanded into Turkey. The state was subjugated by the Kara Koyunlu in 1432.
Some scholars hypothesise that the Jalairs were related to the Xiongnu Empire based in Mongolia (BC209 – AD93) and Mongolian speakers.
The Jalair tribesmen were an important force in the Khamag Mongol confederation in the 12th century and later Chinggis Khan's rise to power.Christopher Atwood. Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire (New York: Facts on File, 2004), p.257 The Jalairs such as Muqali helped Genghis Khan to found his Empire. During the Mongol invasion of Khorazm in 1219–1223, Muqali campaigned in North China as the first prince of the state (guo-wang) and a viceroy. The Jalairs served under as steward, chief judge, imperial tutor and advisor. Genghis Khan also gave 1,000 men under Jalair Moqe noyan to his son Chagatai Khan in Turkestan. And a body of the Jalair settled in Golden Horde.
Under Genghis Khan's successors, Muqali's descendants inherited his title and came to be one of the mainstays of Confucian influence in Kublaid Yuan Dynasty (1271–1368). The Jalairs were close to Great Khans in China and Il-khans in Iran. In Il-khanate, Jalair Buqa revolted against Tekuder Khan and installed Hulagu's grandson Arghun in 1284. But his coup was revealed and executed by his protégé later. After the death of Qazan Khan (r. 1343-1346), Chagatai Khanate fell under the control of nomadic Turco-Mongol clans: the Jalayir in the north, the Arlat in the west, the Barlas in the centre, the Qaraunas and the Qa'uchin in the south-west and the in the east.
Meanwhile, Hasan Buzurg established Jalayirids and tried to reunite Turco-Mongol states in the name of his puppet khans in Iraq and western Persia of which fell into political chaos after the death of Il-khan Arpa Ke'un in 1336. When Tamerlane ravaged the Jalayirid Dynasty of Ahmad (1383–1410), Jalairs were one of main clans in both Timurid Empire and Moghulistan. The Jalairids in Persia were finally overthrown by Kara Koyunlu Turkic peoples in 1432. But the Jalayirs in Central Asia were active for two more centuries.
In the 16th century, the Jalairs played important role in Eastern and Central Mongolian politics. They were one of the 14 clans of Khalkha tumen and Dayan Khan's son Gersenji was written in Mongolian chronicles as the prince of Jalayir (Jalaid). On the brink of the Manchu defeat of the last Great Khan Ligden, the Jalaid became an ally of the rising Manchu empire The Precious Summary: a history of the Mongols from Chinggis Khan to the Qing dynasty: by Sagang Sechen, translated by Johan Elverskog, New York, Columbia University Press, p. 229, n.31
Hereditary rulers of Kalat-i-nadiri:
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