Product Code Database
Galaxolide (trade name; also known as Abbalide, Pearlide, Astrolide, Musk 50, Polarlide; chemical name 1,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydro-4,6,6,7,8,8,-hexamethyl-cyclopenta gbenzopyran or HHCB, hexamethylindanopyran) is a synthetic musk with a clean sweet musky floral woody odor used in fragrances. It is one of the musk components that perfume and cologne manufacturers use to add a musk odor to their products. Galaxolide was first synthesized in 1956, and used in the late 1960s in some fabric softeners and detergents. High concentrations were also incorporated in fine fragrances.
Galaxolide is also known by its IUPAC name 4,6,6,7,8,8-hexamethyl-1,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydro-cyclopenta g-isochromene and the more commonly used acronym of the chemical name 1,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydro-4,6,6,7,8,8,-hexamethyl-cyclopenta gbenzopyran (HHCB). The abbreviation for this chemical name, HHCB, is commonly used for galaxolide in various publications. Galaxolide may also be known as hexamethylindanopyran under the International Nomenclature of Cosmetic Ingredients (INCI).
It was first synthesized in 1965 and its discovery was mainly due to the work by Beets on the of the polycyclic musks, where they tried to improve existing synthetic musks by making them more stable and hydrophobic.
Given its lack of bioaccumulation and toxicity, the EU determined that galaxolide does not meet the criteria for being a substance classified as Persistent, Bioaccumulative and Toxic (PBT) to the environment.http://echa.europa.eu/documents/10162/947def3b-bbbf-473b-bc19-3bda7a8da910OSPAR review of various musk ingredients: http://www.ospar.org/documents?v=6978 – page 39 and Annex 3 However, the EPA's assessment of galaxolide found it to be moderately persistent and bioaccumulative and highly toxic to aquatic organisms. The EPA's PBT Profiler also finds Galaxolide to exceed the EPA's criteria as a PBT.
Galaxolide degrades in the environment to primary degradants with log Kow < 4 and further to more Hydrophile products with log Kow of < 1.
Galaxolide is classified as under EU CLP classification rules.
Although there have been reports of galaxolide in environmental compartments, these studies have been made part of galaxolide's environmental safety reviews by various authorities, who have deemed that there is no need for risk reduction measures.EU Scientific Committee on Health and Environmental Risks; Environmental Assessment of HHCB http://ec.europa.eu/health/ph_risk/committees/04_scher/docs/scher_o_096.pdf
target="_blank" rel="nofollow"> EPA review of HHCB
Galaxolide contamination has been detected in the Great Lakes. In a study of lake sediment in Lake Erie found galaxolide levels to be doubling every 8–16 years, raising question of its bioaccumulative properties. Galaxolide was detected in 92% of water samples from Lake Michigan.
In 2015 a GreenScreen for Safer Chemicals assessment of Galaxolide assigned Galaxolide a score of Benchmark 1. Benchmark 1 is assigned to chemicals of highest concern whose use is recommended to be avoided. Specifically, the GreenScreen assigned the Benchmark 1 score due to Galaxolide'
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Galaxolide has been shown to be removed by ozonation in treatment plants. Yet, studies show, it is commonly detected in rivers,Baldwin AK, Corsi SR, DeCicco LA, Lenaker PL, Lutz MA, Sullivan DJ and Richards KD. (2016) Organic contaminants in Great Lakes tributaries: Prevalence and potential aquatic toxicity. Science of the Total Environment. 554-555, 42-52. 2016. drinking water,Wombacher WD and Hornbuckle KC. (2009) Synthetic Musk Fragrances in a Conventional Drinking Water Treatment Plant with Lime Softening. J Environ Eng (New York). 2009 November 1; 135(11): 1192 lake sedimentBogdal C, Schmid P, Zennegg M, Anselmettl FS, Scheringer M and Hungerbuhler K. (2009) Blast from the Past: Melting Glaciers as a Relevant Source for Persistent Organic Pollutants. Environmental Science and Technology. Vol. 43, pp: 8173-8177. 2009. and fish tissue.Ramirez AJ, et.al. (2009) Occurrence of Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products in Fish: Results of a National Pilot Study in the United States. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. Vol. 28, No. 12, pp. 2587-2597. 2009.
Galaxolide has been reported to be found in human biomonitoring studies and its presence in human tissue has been evaluated by several scientific authorities. For example, Galaxolide was detected in 97% of breast milk samples in mothers from Massachusetts in a 2004 study. A 2009 study detected Galaxolide in the blood plasma of 91% of the study participants.
Extensive investigations into the presence of galaxolide in biomonitoring studies, have been completed and evaluated by various regulatory authorities. The outcome of all those studies is that galaxolide is safe for use in consumer products.EU-SCCNFP safety evaluation for HHCB in cosmetics: http://ec.europa.eu/health/ph_risk/committees/sccp/documents/out179_en.pdfEU Risk Assessment Report on HHCB: http://echa.europa.eu/documents/10162/947def3b-bbbf-473b-bc19-3bda7a8da910
In March 2003, the European Chemicals Bureau (ECB) concluded that galaxolide is not a persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic substance (PBT) according to the ECB criteria and removed galaxolide from their draft list of PBTs.
Under the EU Existing Substances Directive, galaxolide is listed in the 4th Priority List of Substances for review by the EU. This Priority List was the 4th list compiled by the EU of high volume substances that were to be evaluated by the Member States’ Competent Authorities, as part of the requirements of EU Council regulation 793/93 “On the Evaluation and Control of the risk of existing substances”. The EU published the final report for this study in 2008 and concluded that for all human health and environmental endpoints, "There is at present no need for further information and/or testing and no need for risk reduction measures".
Additionally the European Union Scientific Committee for Health and Environmental Risks (SCHER), an advisory body to the European Commission, independently reviewed the environmental, human health, and indirect exposure risk assessment, and agreed with all of the conclusions from the EU experts on the outcome that, "There is at present no need for further information and/or testing and no need for risk reduction measures". The SCHER opinions for galaxolide are available for the environment, for human healthEU-SCHER Opinion on HHCB safety for human health http://ec.europa.eu/health/ph_risk/committees/04_scher/docs/scher_o_086.pdf and for human health though indirect exposure.EU-SCHER Opinion on the safety of HHCB through indirect exposure: http://ec.europa.eu/health/ph_risk/committees/04_scher/docs/scher_o_094.pdf
As part of the obligations under the EU's Registration, Evaluation and Authorization of Chemicals (REACH), the producers and importers of galaxolide on the EU market have registered galaxolide in December 2010 with the European Chemicals Agency in Helsinki.
In 2010, the state of Oregon added galaxolide to its Priority Persistent Pollutants (P3) list. This is a list of persistent, bioaccumulative toxics that have a documented effect on human health, wildlife and aquatic life.
On June 22, 2016, the Frank R. Lautenberg Chemical Safety for the 21st Century Act (Lautenberg Chemical Safety Act) was signed into law in the United States. The Lautenberg Chemical Safety Act amends the Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976 (TSCA), the nation's primary chemicals management law. On December 20, 2019, EPA finalized the designation of 20 chemical substances as a high-priority for risk evaluation under TSCA, Galaxolide is one of these high-priority chemicals being evaluated for risk.
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