Frumentarii

 ( Army Reconnaissance Units And Formations ) 

The frumentarii were an ancient Roman military and secret police organization used as an intelligence agency. They began their history as a Courier and developed into an imperial spying agency. Their organization would also carry out . The frumentarii were headquartered in the Castra Peregrina and were run by the Princeps. They were disbanded under the reign of Diocletian due to their poor reputation amongst the populace.

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History Utilizing informers and spies had been a long-standing policy of the Roman legions and armies of occupation, but never in an organized fashion. This was especially true in the city of Rome which was rife with whispers and endless conspiracies. The frumentarii were possibly established by Domitian, although they only appear in records shortly after his reign in the early second century. When established, their base was located at the Castra Peregrina on the Caelian Hill, though Trajan would later centralize their location in Rome. During their early history, they were tasked with supplying grain to the military, delivering messages between the provinces and the empire, and collecting tax money.

They were sometimes called nomas ("Nomad" in Latin) to protect their identity in enemy territory.

After the end of the Flavian dynasty, the frumentarii developed into a police force. They worked as non-commissioned officers with Praetorian Guard to police the populace. This organization was part of the military, and its members were Legionary. Members of this group were recruited from the military. By the 2nd century, the need for an empire-wide intelligence service was clear. But even an emperor could not easily create a new bureau with the express purpose of spying on the citizens of Rome's far-flung domains. A suitable compromise was found by Hadrian. He used the frumentarii as a spying agency because their duties brought them into contact with enough locals and natives, allowing them to acquire considerable intelligence about any given territory. Alongside these duties they also may have overseen and guarded mining operations.

They served as secret police and as an intelligence agency in ancient Rome. Emperors would use them to gather information on friends, family, officials, or soldiers. This organization was sometimes tasked with assassinating whomever the emperor wished. Peasants disliked the frumentarii due to false and arbitrary arrests. They were seen as a tyrannical "plague" on the empire. These complaints lead to the disbandment of the organization in 312 AD during the reign of Diocletian. The frumentarii were replaced by the agentes in rebus.

They were run by the Princeps who was considered to be a Centurion and answered to the praetorian prefect. The subprinceps was the second-in-command to the princeps peregrinorum and the Optio, canaliclarius, and Aedile were all other offices in the frumenatarii. The curatio frumentarii would command the frumentarii in the imperial provinces. The frumentarii served in the Consularis of the local Roman governor.

The following story has been used as evidence of the role of the frumentarii:

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See also

• Agentes in rebus, Romans agents from the 4th to the 7th centuries

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Citations

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General and cited references

• AE 1910,0077 & AE 2003,0931
• Matthew Bunson (2014). 9781438110271, Infobase Publishing. . ISBN 9781438110271
• Rodney Carlisle (2015). 9781317471776, Routledge. . ISBN 9781317471776
• Terry Crowdy (2011). 9781780962245, Bloomsbury Publishing. . ISBN 9781780962245
• Christopher J. Fuhrmann (2025). 9780198728689, Oxford Academic. ISBN 9780198728689
• Christopher J. Fuhrmann (2025). 9780199737840, Oxford Academic. ISBN 9780199737840
• Christopher J. Fuhrmann (2012). 9780199737840, Oxford University Press, USA. . ISBN 9780199737840
• Jill Harries (2025). 9780748620524, Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 9780748620524
• Alfred Michael Hirt (2025). 9780199572878 ISBN 9780199572878
• Robert Jackson (2025). 9780300088564, Yale University Press. . ISBN 9780300088564
• Rose Mary Sheldon (2004). 9781135771065, Routledge. . ISBN 9781135771065
• Justin Winzenburg (2022). 9783161611834, Mohr Siebeck. . ISBN 9783161611834

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