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Formaldehyde ( , ) (systematic name methanal) is an with the and structure , more precisely . The compound is a pungent, colourless gas that spontaneously into . It is stored as aqueous solutions ( formalin), which consists mainly of the hydrate CH2(OH)2. It is the simplest of the (). As a precursor to many other materials and chemical compounds, in 2006 the global production of formaldehyde was estimated at 12 million tons per year. It is mainly used in the production of industrial , e.g., for and .

Formaldehyde also occurs naturally. It is derived from the degradation of , , and . act by converting N-methyl groups to formaldehyde.

Formaldehyde is classified as a group 1

(2025). 9781782629733, Royal Society of Chemistry, The.
and can cause respiratory and skin upon exposure.


Forms
Formaldehyde is more complicated than many simple carbon compounds in that it adopts several diverse forms. These compounds can often be used interchangeably and can be interconverted.
  • Molecular formaldehyde. A colorless gas with a characteristic pungent, irritating odor. It is stable at about 150 °C, but it polymerizes when condensed to a liquid.
  • 1,3,5-Trioxane, with the formula (CH2O)3. It is a white solid that dissolves without degradation in organic solvents. It is a trimer of molecular formaldehyde.
  • , with the formula HO(CH2O)nH. It is a white solid that is insoluble in most solvents.
  • , with the formula CH2(OH)2. This compound also exists in equilibrium with various (short polymers), depending on the concentration and temperature. A saturated water solution, of about 40% formaldehyde by volume or 37% by mass, is called "100% formalin".

A small amount of stabilizer, such as , is usually added to suppress and . A typical commercial-grade formalin may contain 10–12% methanol in addition to various metallic impurities.

"Formaldehyde" was first used as a generic trademark in 1893 following a previous trade name, "formalin". Structural formula of formaldehyde.svg|Monomeric formaldehyde (subject of this article) File:S-Trioxane.svg|Trioxane is a stable cyclic trimer of formaldehyde. File:Paraformaldehyd.svg|Paraformaldehyde is a common form of formaldehyde for industrial applications. Methanediol-2D.png|Methanediol, the predominant species in dilute aqueous solutions of formaldehyde


Structure and bonding
Molecular formaldehyde contains a central carbon atom with a and a single bond to each hydrogen atom. This structure is summarised by the condensed formula H2C=O.
(1984). 9780199657636, Oxford University Press.
The molecule is planar, Y-shaped and its molecular symmetry belongs to the C2v point group. The precise molecular geometry of gaseous formaldehyde has been determined by gas electron diffraction and microwave spectroscopy.
(2025). 9781439880500, .
The are 1.21 Å for the carbon–oxygen bond
(2025). 9780471720911, John Wiley & Sons.
and around 1.11 Å for the carbon–hydrogen bond, while the H–C–H is 117°, close to the 120° angle found in an ideal trigonal planar molecule. Some of formaldehyde are pyramidal rather than planar as in the .


Occurrence
Processes in the upper atmosphere contribute more than 80% of the total formaldehyde in the environment. Formaldehyde is an intermediate in the oxidation (or ) of , as well as of other carbon compounds, e.g. in , exhaust, and . When produced in the atmosphere by the action of sunlight and on atmospheric methane and other , it becomes part of . Formaldehyde has also been detected in outer space.

Formaldehyde and its are ubiquitous in nature. Food may contain formaldehyde at levels 1–100 mg/kg. Formaldehyde, formed in the metabolism of the amino acids and , is found in the bloodstream of humans and other primates at concentrations of approximately 50 . Experiments in which animals are exposed to an atmosphere containing isotopically labeled formaldehyde have demonstrated that even in deliberately exposed animals, the majority of formaldehyde-DNA adducts found in non-respiratory tissues are derived from endogenously produced formaldehyde.

Formaldehyde does not accumulate in the environment, because it is broken down within a few hours by sunlight or by bacteria present in soil or water. Humans metabolize formaldehyde quickly, converting it to . It nonetheless presents significant health concerns, as a .


Interstellar formaldehyde
Formaldehyde appears to be a useful probe in astrochemistry due to prominence of the 110←111 and 211←212 K-doublet transitions. It was the first polyatomic organic molecule detected in the interstellar medium. Since its initial detection in 1969, it has been observed in many regions of the galaxy. Because of the widespread interest in interstellar formaldehyde, it has been extensively studied, yielding new extragalactic sources. A proposed mechanism for the formation is the hydrogenation of CO ice:
H + CO → HCO
HCO + H → CH2O

, HNC, H2CO, and have also been observed inside the comae of C/2012 F6 (Lemmon) and .


Synthesis and industrial production

Laboratory synthesis
Formaldehyde was discovered in 1859 by the Russian chemist Aleksandr Butlerov (1828–1886) when he attempted to synthesize methanediol ("methylene glycol") from and . In his paper, Butlerov referred to formaldehyde as "dioxymethylen" (methylene dioxide) because his empirical formula for it was incorrect, as atomic weights were not precisely determined until the Karlsruhe Congress.

The compound was identified as an aldehyde by August Wilhelm von Hofmann, who first announced its production by passing methanol vapor in air over hot platinum wire.See: A. W. Hofmann (14 October 1867) "Zur Kenntnis des Methylaldehyds" (Contributions to our knowledge of methylaldehyde), Monatsbericht der Königlich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin (Monthly Report of the Royal Prussian Academy of Sciences in Berlin), vol. 8, pages 665–669. Reprinted in:

However, it was not until 1869 that Hofmann determined the correct empirical formula of formaldehyde. See: A.W. Hofmann (5 April 1869) "Beiträge zur Kenntnis des Methylaldehyds", Monatsbericht der Königlich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, vol. ?, pages 362–372. Reprinted in:
  • A.W. Hofmann (1869) "Beiträge zur Kenntnis des Methylaldehyds," Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft (Reports of the German Chemical Society), vol. 2, pages 152–159. With modifications, Hofmann's method remains the basis of the present day industrial route.

Solution routes to formaldehyde also entail oxidation of methanol or .


Industry
Formaldehyde is produced industrially by the catalytic oxidation of . The most common catalysts are metal (i.e. the ), iron(III) oxide, iron molybdenum (e.g. iron(III) ) with a -enriched surface, or vanadium . In the commonly used , methanol and oxygen react at c. 250–400 °C in presence of iron oxide in combination with molybdenum and/or vanadium to produce formaldehyde according to the chemical equation:
2CH3OH + O2 → 2CH2O + 2H2O

The silver-based catalyst usually operates at a higher temperature, about 650 °C. Two chemical reactions on it simultaneously produce formaldehyde: that shown above and the reaction:

CH3OH → CH2O + H2

In principle, formaldehyde could be generated by oxidation of , but this route is not industrially viable because the methanol is more easily oxidized than methane.


Biochemistry
Formaldehyde is produced via several enzyme-catalyzed routes. Living beings, including humans, produce formaldehyde as part of their metabolism. Formaldehyde is key to several bodily functions (e.g. ), but its amount must also be tightly controlled to avoid self-poisoning.

  • Serine hydroxymethyltransferase can decompose into formaldehyde and , according to this reaction: HOCH2CH(NH2)CO2H → CH2O + H2C(NH2)CO2H.
  • microbes convert methanol into formaldehyde and energy via methanol dehydrogenase: CH3OH → CH2O + 2e + 2H+
  • Other routes to formaldehyde include oxidative , -sensitive , dimethylglycine dehydrogenases, , P450 oxidases, and N-methyl group demethylases.

Formaldehyde is catabolized by alcohol dehydrogenase ADH5 and aldehyde dehydrogenase ALDH2.


Organic chemistry
Formaldehyde is a building block in the synthesis of many other compounds of specialised and industrial significance. It exhibits most of the chemical properties of other aldehydes but is more reactive.


Polymerization and hydration
Monomeric CH2O is a gas and is rarely encountered in the laboratory. Aqueous formaldehyde, unlike some other small aldehydes (which need specific conditions to oligomerize through aldol condensation) oligomerizes spontaneously at a common state. The trimer 1,3,5-trioxane, , is a typical oligomer. Many cyclic of other sizes have been isolated. Similarly, formaldehyde hydrates to give the geminal diol , which condenses further to form hydroxy-terminated oligomers HO(CH2O) nH. The polymer is called . The higher concentration of formaldehyde—the more equilibrium shifts towards polymerization. Diluting with water or increasing the solution temperature, as well as adding alcohols (such as methanol or ethanol) lowers that tendency.

Gaseous formaldehyde polymerizes at active sites on vessel walls, but the mechanism of the reaction is unknown. Small amounts of hydrogen chloride, boron trifluoride, or present in gaseous formaldehyde provide the catalytic effect and make the polymerization rapid.

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reactions
Formaldehyde forms cross-links by first combining with a protein to form , which loses a water molecule to form a . The Schiff base can then react with DNA or protein to create a cross-linked product. This reaction is the basis for the most common process of chemical fixation.


Oxidation and reduction
Formaldehyde is readily by atmospheric oxygen into . For this reason, commercial formaldehyde is typically contaminated with formic acid. Formaldehyde can be hydrogenated into .

In the Cannizzaro reaction, formaldehyde and base react to produce and methanol, a disproportionation reaction.


Hydroxymethylation and chloromethylation
Formaldehyde reacts with many compounds, resulting in hydroxymethylation:
X-H + CH2O → X-CH2OH(X = R2N, RC(O)NR', SH).

The resulting hydroxymethyl derivatives typically react further. Thus, amines give hexahydro-1,3,5-triazines:

3RNH2 + 3CH2O → (RNCH2)3 + 3H2O

Similarly, when combined with , it forms :

3CH2O + 3H2S → (CH2S)3 + 3H2O

In the presence of acids, it participates in electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions with aromatic compounds resulting in hydroxymethylated derivatives:

ArH + CH2O → ArCH2OH
When conducted in the presence of hydrogen chloride, the product is the chloromethyl compound, as described in the Blanc chloromethylation. If the arene is electron-rich, as in phenols, elaborate condensations ensue. With 4-substituted phenols one obtains . Phenol results in polymers.


Other reactions
Many amino acids react with formaldehyde. Cysteine converts to .


Uses

Industrial applications
Formaldehyde is a common precursor to more complex compounds and materials. In approximate order of decreasing consumption, products generated from formaldehyde include urea formaldehyde resin, , phenol formaldehyde resin, polyoxymethylene plastics, 1,4-butanediol, and methylene diphenyl diisocyanate. The uses formaldehyde-based resins as finishers to make fabrics crease-resistant.

When condensed with , , or , formaldehyde produces, respectively, hard thermoset phenol formaldehyde resin, urea formaldehyde resin, and melamine resin. These polymers are permanent adhesives used in and . They are also foamed to make insulation, or into moulded products. Production of formaldehyde resins accounts for more than half of formaldehyde consumption.

Formaldehyde is also a precursor to polyfunctional alcohols such as , which is used to make and . Other formaldehyde derivatives include methylene diphenyl diisocyanate, an important component in paints and foams, and , which is used in phenol-formaldehyde resins as well as the explosive .

Condensation with acetaldehyde affords , a chemical necessary in synthesizing , a high explosive:


Niche uses

Disinfectant and biocide
An aqueous solution of formaldehyde can be useful as a disinfectant as it kills most and fungi (including their spores). It is used as an additive in vaccine manufacturing to inactivate toxins and pathogens. Formaldehyde releasers are used as biocides in personal care products such as cosmetics. Although present at levels not normally considered harmful, they are known to cause allergic contact dermatitis in certain sensitised individuals.

Aquarists use formaldehyde as a treatment for the parasites Ichthyophthirius multifiliis and Cryptocaryon irritans. Formaldehyde is one of the main disinfectants recommended for destroying .

Formaldehyde is also approved for use in the manufacture of animal feeds in the US. It is an antimicrobial agent used to maintain complete animal feeds or feed ingredients Salmonella negative for up to 21 days.


Tissue fixative and embalming agent
Formaldehyde preserves or fixes tissue or cells. The process involves of primary . The European Union has banned the use of formaldehyde as a (including ) under the Biocidal Products Directive (98/8/EC) due to its carcinogenic properties. Directive 98/8/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 February 1998 concerning the placing of biocidal products on the market . OJEU L123, 24.04.1998, pp. 1–63. ( consolidated version to 2008-09-26 (PDF) ) Commission Regulation (EC) No 2032/2003 of 4 November 2003 on the second phase of the 10-year work programme referred to in Article 16(2) of Directive 98/8/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council concerning the placing of biocidal products on the market, and amending Regulation (EC) No 1896/2000 . OJEU L307, 24.11.2003, p. 1–96. ( consolidated version to 2007-01-04 (PDF) ) Countries with a strong tradition of embalming corpses, such as Ireland and other colder-weather countries, have raised concerns. Despite reports to the contrary, no decision on the inclusion of formaldehyde on Annex I of the Biocidal Products Directive for product-type 22 (embalming and taxidermist fluids) had been made .

Formaldehyde-based crosslinking is exploited in or genomics experiments, where DNA-binding proteins are cross-linked to their cognate binding sites on the chromosome and analyzed to determine what genes are regulated by the proteins. Formaldehyde is also used as a denaturing agent in gel , preventing RNA from forming secondary structures. A solution of 4% formaldehyde fixes pathology tissue specimens at about one mm per hour at room temperature.


Drug testing
Formaldehyde and 18 M (concentrated) makes —which can identify and other compounds.


Photography
In photography, formaldehyde is used in low concentrations for the process C-41 (color negative film) stabilizer in the final wash step, as well as in the process E-6 pre-bleach step, to make it unnecessary in the final wash. Due to improvements in dye coupler chemistry, more modern (2006 or later) E-6 and C-41 films do not need formaldehyde, as their dyes are already stable.


Safety
In view of its widespread use, toxicity, and volatility, formaldehyde poses a significant danger to human health."Formaldehyde (gas)", Report on Carcinogens, Eleventh Edition (PDF), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Program, 2005 In 2011, the US National Toxicology Program described formaldehyde as "known to be a human carcinogen".


Chronic inhalation
Concerns are associated with chronic (long-term) exposure by inhalation as may happen from thermal or chemical decomposition of formaldehyde-based resins and the production of formaldehyde resulting from the of a variety of organic compounds (for example, exhaust gases). As formaldehyde resins are used in many construction materials, it is one of the more common indoor air pollutants. by , Eleni Vouli, Chariclea Gonitsioti and Georgios Ntalos; Presentation at the COST Action E49 Conference “Measurement and Control of VOC Emissions from Wood-Based Panels”, 28-30 Nov. 2007, WKI, Braunschweig, Germany At concentrations above 0.1 ppm in air, formaldehyde can irritate the eyes and . Formaldehyde inhaled at this concentration may cause headaches, a burning sensation in the throat, and difficulty breathing, and can trigger or aggravate asthma symptoms.

The CDC considers formaldehyde as a systemic poison. Formaldehyde poisoning can cause permanent changes in the 's functions.

A 1988 Canadian study of houses with urea-formaldehyde foam insulation found that formaldehyde levels as low as 0.046 ppm were positively correlated with eye and nasal irritation. A 2009 review of studies has shown a strong association between exposure to formaldehyde and the development of childhood .

A theory was proposed for the carcinogenesis of formaldehyde in 1978. In 1987 the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) classified it as a probable human carcinogen, and after more studies the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) in 1995 also classified it as a probable human carcinogen. Further information and evaluation of all known data led the IARC to reclassify formaldehyde as a known human carcinogen

(2025). 9789283212881, WHO Press. .
associated with nasal sinus cancer and nasopharyngeal cancer. Studies in 2009 and 2010 have also shown a positive correlation between exposure to formaldehyde and the development of , particularly . Nasopharyngeal and sinonasal cancers are relatively rare, with a combined annual incidence in the United States of < 4,000 cases. About 30,000 cases of myeloid leukemia occur in the United States each year. Some evidence suggests that workplace exposure to formaldehyde contributes to sinonasal cancers. Professionals exposed to formaldehyde in their occupation, such as funeral industry workers and , showed an increased risk of leukemia and brain cancer compared with the general population.
(2025). 9781483345734, SAGE Publications.
Other factors are important in determining individual risk for the development of leukemia or nasopharyngeal cancer. Https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-91792-1

In the residential environment, formaldehyde exposure comes from a number of routes; formaldehyde can be emitted by treated products, such as or , but it is produced by paints, , floor finishes, and smoking as well. In July 2016, the U.S. EPA released a prepublication version of its final rule on Formaldehyde Emission Standards for Composite Wood Products. These new rules impact manufacturers, importers, distributors, and retailers of products containing composite wood, including fiberboard, particleboard, and various laminated products, who must comply with more stringent record-keeping and labeling requirements.

The U.S. EPA allows no more than 0.016 ppm formaldehyde in the air in new buildings constructed for that agency. A U.S. EPA study found a new home measured 0.076 ppm when brand new and 0.045 ppm after 30 days.M. Koontz, H. Rector, D. Cade, C. Wilkes, and L. Niang. 1996. Residential Indoor Air Formaldehyde Testing Program: Pilot Study. Report No. IE-2814, prepared by GEOMET Technologies, Inc. for the USEPA Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics under EPA Contract No. 68-D3-0013, Washington, DC The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) has also announced limits on the formaldehyde levels in trailers purchased by that agency. The EPA recommends the use of "exterior-grade" pressed-wood products with phenol instead of urea resin to limit formaldehyde exposure, since pressed-wood products containing formaldehyde resins are often a significant source of formaldehyde in homes.

The eyes are most sensitive to formaldehyde exposure: The lowest level at which many people can begin to smell formaldehyde ranges between 0.05 and 1 ppm. The maximum concentration value at the workplace is 0.3 ppm. In controlled chamber studies, individuals begin to sense eye irritation at about 0.5 ppm; 5 to 20 percent report eye irritation at 0.5 to 1 ppm; and greater certainty for sensory irritation occurred at 1 ppm and above. While some agencies have used a level as low as 0.1 ppm as a threshold for irritation, the expert panel found that a level of 0.3 ppm would protect against nearly all irritation. In fact, the expert panel found that a level of 1.0 ppm would avoid eye irritation—the most sensitive endpoint—in 75–95% of all people exposed.

Formaldehyde levels in building environments are affected by a number of factors. These include the potency of formaldehyde-emitting products present, the ratio of the surface area of emitting materials to volume of space, environmental factors, product age, interactions with other materials, and ventilation conditions. Formaldehyde emits from a variety of construction materials, furnishings, and consumer products. The three products that emit the highest concentrations are medium density fiberboard, hardwood plywood, and particle board. Environmental factors such as temperature and relative humidity can elevate levels because formaldehyde has a high . Formaldehyde levels from building materials are the highest when a building first opens because materials would have less time to off-gas. Formaldehyde levels decrease over time as the sources suppress.

In , formaldehyde is produced as a byproduct of electrosurgery and is present in surgical smoke, exposing surgeons and healthcare workers to potentially unsafe concentrations.

Formaldehyde levels in air can be sampled and tested in several ways, including impinger, treated sorbent, and passive monitors. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has measurement methods numbered 2016, 2541, 3500, and 3800.

In June 2011, the twelfth edition of the National Toxicology Program (NTP) Report on Carcinogens (RoC) changed the listing status of formaldehyde from "reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen" to "known to be a human carcinogen." Concurrently, a National Academy of Sciences (NAS) committee was convened and issued an independent review of the draft U.S. assessment of formaldehyde, providing a comprehensive health effects assessment and quantitative estimates of human risks of adverse effects. Addendum to the 12th Report on Carcinogens (PDF) National Toxicology Program, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved 06-13-2011


Acute irritation and allergic reaction
For most people, irritation from formaldehyde is temporary and reversible, although formaldehyde can cause allergies and is part of the standard patch test series. In 2005–06, it was the seventh-most-prevalent in (9.0%). People with formaldehyde allergy are advised to avoid formaldehyde releasers as well (e.g., Quaternium-15, imidazolidinyl urea, and diazolidinyl urea). People who suffer allergic reactions to formaldehyde tend to display lesions on the skin in the areas that have had direct contact with the substance, such as the neck or thighs (often due to formaldehyde released from permanent press finished clothing) or on the face (typically from cosmetics). Formaldehyde has been banned in cosmetics in both and .


Other routes
In humans, ingestion of as little as of 37% formaldehyde solution can cause death. Other symptoms associated with ingesting such a solution include gastrointestinal damage (vomiting, abdominal pain), and systematic damage (dizziness). Testing for formaldehyde is by blood and/or urine by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Other methods to detect formaldehyde include infrared detection, gas detector tubes, gas detectors using electrochemical sensors, and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). HPLC is the most sensitive.

The fifteenth edition (2021) of the U.S. National Toxicology Program Report on Carcinogens notes that currently in the U.S. “The general population can be exposed to formaldehyde primarily from breathing indoor or outdoor air, from tobacco smoke, from use of cosmetic products containing formaldehyde, and, to a more limited extent, from ingestion of food and water.” Affected water includes groundwater, surface water, and bottled water. It also notes that occupational exposure can be significant.


Contaminant in food
Formaldehyde in food can be present naturally, added as an inadvertent contaminant, or intentionally added as a preservative, disinfectant, or bacteriostatic agent. Cooking and smoking food can also result in formaldehyde being produced in food. Foods that the U.S. National Toxicology Program has reported to have higher levels compared to other foods are fish, seafood, and smoked ham. It also notes formaldehyde in food generally occurs in a bound form and that formaldehyde is unstable in an .

Scandals have broken in both the 2005 Indonesia food scare and 2007 Vietnam food scare regarding the addition of formaldehyde to foods to extend shelf life. In 2011, after a four-year absence, Indonesian authorities found foods with formaldehyde being sold in markets in a number of regions across the country. In August 2011, at least at two supermarkets, the Central Livestock and Fishery Sub-Department found containing 10 parts per million of formaldehyde. In 2014, the owner of two noodle factories in , Indonesia, was arrested for using formaldehyde in noodles. Foods known to be contaminated included noodles, salted fish, and tofu. Chicken and beer were also rumored to be contaminated. In some places, such as China, manufacturers still use formaldehyde illegally as a preservative in foods, which exposes people to formaldehyde ingestion.

  • see references cited on p. 1216 above

In 2011 in Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand, truckloads of rotten chicken were treated with formaldehyde for sale in which "a large network", including 11 slaughterhouses run by a criminal gang, were implicated. In 2012, 1 billion rupiah (almost US$100,000) of fish imported from to , Indonesia, were found laced with formaldehyde.

Formalin contamination of foods has been reported in , with stores and supermarkets selling fruits, fishes, and vegetables that have been treated with formalin to keep them fresh. However, in 2015, a Formalin Control Bill was passed in the with a provision of life-term imprisonment as the maximum punishment as well as a maximum fine of 2,000,000 but not less than 500,000 for importing, producing, or hoarding formalin without a license.

In the early 1900s, formaldehyde was frequently added by US milk plants to milk bottles as a method of pasteurization due to the lack of knowledge and concern

(2018). 9781594205149, .
regarding formaldehyde's toxicity.

Formaldehyde was one of the chemicals used in 19th century industrialised food production that was investigated by Dr. Harvey W. Wiley with his famous 'Poison Squad' as part of the US Department of Agriculture. This led to the 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act, a landmark event in the early history of food regulation in the United States.


Regulation
Formaldehyde is banned from use in certain applications (preservatives for liquid-cooling and processing systems, , metalworking-fluid preservatives, and antifouling products) under the Biocidal Products Directive. In the EU, the maximum allowed concentration of formaldehyde in finished products is 0.2%, and any product that exceeds 0.05% has to include a warning that the product contains formaldehyde.

In the United States, Congress passed a bill July 7, 2010, regarding the use of formaldehyde in hardwood , , and medium density fiberboard. The bill limited the allowable amount of formaldehyde emissions from these wood products to 0.09 ppm, and required companies to meet this standard by January 2013. The final U.S. EPA rule specified maximum emissions of "0.05 ppm formaldehyde for hardwood plywood, 0.09 ppm formaldehyde for particleboard, 0.11 ppm formaldehyde for medium-density fiberboard, and 0.13 ppm formaldehyde for thin medium-density fiberboard."

Formaldehyde was declared a toxic substance by the 1999 Canadian Environmental Protection Act.

The is proposing a ban on hair relaxers with formaldehyde due to cancer concerns.


See also


Notes

External links

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