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Federal republic
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A federal republic is a of with a form of government. At its core, the literal meaning of the word republic when used to reference a form of government means a country that is governed by elected representatives and by an elected leader, such as a president, rather than by a or any hereditary aristocracy.

In a federal republic, a division of powers exists between the federal government and the government of the individual subdivisions. While each federal republic manages this division of powers differently, common matters relating to international affairs and treaties, security and defense, inter-state relations, and monetary policy are usually handled at the federal level, while matters such as infrastructure maintenance and education policy are usually handled at the regional or local level; however, views differ on what issues should be a federal competence, and subdivisions usually have sovereignty in some matters where the federal government does not have jurisdiction. A federal republic is thus best defined in contrast to a , whereby the central government has complete sovereignty over all aspects of political life. This more decentralized structure helps to explain the tendency for more populous countries to operate as federal republics.Forum of Federations: [1], Schram, Sanford. Handbook of Federal Countries: United States, pp. 373–391, 2005.

Most federal republics codify the division of powers between orders of government in a written document. The political differences between a federal republic and other , especially federal monarchies under a parliamentary system of government, are largely a matter of legal form rather than political substance, as most federal states are democratic in structure if not practice with checks and balances; however, some federal monarchies, such as the United Arab Emirates, are based upon principles other than democracy.

Federal states primarily contrast with unitary states, where the central government retains many of the powers that are delegated to the subdivisions in federal republics. While there are exceptions, the overall tendency is for federal republics to be larger, more populous, and more internally heterogeneous than unitary states, with such larger size and internal heterogeneity being more manageable in a federal system than in a unitary one.


Contemporary
Argentine RepublicProvinces (23) and autonomous city (1)Presidential system
CIA World Factbook: Austria, 14 May 2009Republic of AustriaStates (9)Parliamentary republicAlexander Van der Bellen
CIA World Factbook: Bosnia and Herzegovina, 14 May 2009Bosnia and HerzegovinaEntities (2) and self-governing district (1)Parliamentary republicŽeljka Cvijanović
Denis Bećirović
Željko Komšić
Borjana Krišto
CIA World Factbook: Brazil, 14 May 2009Federative Republic of BrazilStates (26) and federal district (1)Presidential system
Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva
Union of the Comoros

Autonomous islands (3)Presidential system
CIA World Factbook: Ethiopia, 14 May 2009Federal Democratic Republic of EthiopiaRegions (10) and chartered cities (2)Parliamentary republic
CIA World Factbook: Germany, 14 May 2009Federal Republic of GermanyStates (16)Parliamentary republicFrank-Walter Steinmeier
CIA World Factbook: India, 14 May 2009Republic of IndiaStates (28) and (8)Parliamentary republic
Republic of IraqGovernorates (19)Parliamentary republicAbdul Latif RashidMohammed Shia' Al Sudani
CIA World Factbook: Mexico, 14 May 2009United Mexican StatesStates (31) and autonomous entity (1)Presidential system
Claudia Sheinbaum
Federated States of MicronesiaStates (4)Presidential system
David W. Panuelo
CIA World Factbook: Nepal, 14 May 2009Federal Democratic Republic of NepalProvinces (7)Parliamentary republicRam Chandra PoudelPushpa Kamal Dahal
CIA World Factbook: Nigeria, 14 May 2009Federal Republic of NigeriaStates (36) and federal territory (1)Presidential system
CIA World Factbook: Pakistan, 14 May 2009Islamic Republic of PakistanProvinces (4), autonomous territories (2) and federal territory (1)Parliamentary republicAsif Ali Zardari
Russian FederationFederal subjects (85)Semi-presidential systemMikhail Mishustin
Federal Republic of SomaliaFederal member states (6)Parliamentary republicMohamed Abdullahi Mohamed (acting)Hamza Abdi Barre
Republic of South SudanStates (10), administrative areas (2) and area with special administrative status (1)Presidential system
Salva Kiir Mayardit
Republic of the SudanStates (18)Provisional governmentAbdel Fattah al-BurhanOsman Hussein
CIA World Factbook: Switzerland, 14 May 2009Swiss ConfederationCantons (26)Directorial Parliamentary republic
Federal Council (2023):
-
-
-Albert Rösti
-Élisabeth Baume-Schneider
-
-Karin Keller-Sutter
-
CIA World Factbook: United States, 14 May 2009United States of AmericaStates (50), federal district (1) and territories (14), nine of which are uninhabited.Presidential system
CIA World Factbook: Venezuela, 14 May 2009Bolivarian Republic of VenezuelaStates (23) and capital district (1)Presidential system
Nicolás Maduro


Historical
Provinces and Voivodeships
States
Provinces
States
States
Republics
Republics
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1992–2003)
State Union of Serbia and Montenegro (2003–2006)
Constituent republics
States
Republics
Republics


See also


Notes

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