Ergotamine, sold under the brand name Ergomar among others, is an ergopeptine and part of the ergot family of ; it is structurally and biochemically closely related to ergoline.
It is structurally similar to several
, and it acts as a
vasoconstrictor. It is used for acute
, sometimes with
caffeine as the combination ergotamine/caffeine.
The drug is a non-selective modulator or agonist of serotonin receptors and other receptors.[ It is peripherally selective and crosses into the brain in minimal amounts.]
Medicine use of ergot fungus began in the 16th century, for the induction of childbirth; but dosage uncertainty discouraged its use. It has been used to prevent post-partum hemorrhage (bleeding after childbirth). It was first isolated from the Ergot by Arthur Stoll, at Sandoz in 1918, and was marketed as Gynergen in 1921.[A. J. Giannini, A. E. Slaby. Drugs of Abuse. Oradell, New Jersey: Medical Economics Books, 1989.]
Medical uses
Ergotamine is
indicated as therapy to abort or prevent vascular headache.
Available forms
Ergotamine is available as a suppository and as a tablet, sometimes in combination drug with caffeine.[
]
Contraindications
Contraindications include: atherosclerosis, Buerger's syndrome, coronary artery disease, hepatic disease, pregnancy, pruritus, Raynaud's syndrome, and renal disease.
It's also contraindicated if patient is taking macrolide antibiotics (e.g., erythromycin), certain HIV protease inhibitors (e.g., ritonavir, nelfinavir, indinavir), certain azole antifungals (e.g., ketoconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole) delavirdine, efavirenz, or a 5-HT1 receptor agonist (e.g., sumatriptan).
Side effects
Side effects of ergotamine include nausea and vomiting. At higher doses, it can cause raised arterial blood pressure, vasoconstriction (including coronary vasospasm) and bradycardia or tachycardia. Severe vasoconstriction may cause symptoms of intermittent claudication.[
]
Pharmacology
Pharmacodynamics
Ergotamine interacts with serotonin, adrenergic, and dopamine receptors.[ It is an agonist of serotonin receptors including the serotonin 5-HT1 and 5-HT2 subtypes.] Ergotamine is an agonist of the serotonin 5-HT2B receptor and has been associated with cardiac valvulopathy. Despite acting as a potent serotonin 5-HT2A receptor agonist, ergotamine is said to be non-hallucinogenic similarly to lisuride. This has been posited to be due to functional selectivity at the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor.[ However, ergotamine is also peripherally selective, which may instead account for its lack of psychedelic effects.][
]
+
! Site
! Affinity (Ki/IC50 nM)
! Efficacy (Emax %)
! Action |
5-HT1A | 0.17–0.3 | ? | Full agonist |
5-HT1B | 0.3–4.7 | ? | Agonist |
5-HT1D | 0.3–6.0 | ? | Agonist |
5-HT1E | 19–840 | ? | Agonist |
5-HT1F | 170–171 | ? | Agonist |
5-HT2A | 0.64–0.97 | ? | Full agonist |
5-HT2B | 1.3–45 | ? | Partial agonist |
5-HT2C | 1.9–9.8 | ? | Partial agonist |
5-HT3 | >10,000 | – | – |
5-HT4 | 65 | ? | ? |
5-HT5A | 14 | ? | Agonist |
5-HT5B | 3.2–16 | ? | ? |
5-HT6 | 12 | ? | ? |
5-HT7 | 1,291 | ? | Agonist |
α1A | 15–>10,000 | – | – |
α1B | 12–>10,000 | – | – |
α1D | ? | ? | ? |
α2A | 106 | ? | ? |
α2B | 88 | ? | ? |
α2C | >10,000 | – | – |
β1 | >10,000 | – | – |
β2 | >10,000 | – | – |
D1 | >10,000 | – | – |
D2 | 4.0–>10,000 | – | Agonist |
D3 | 3.2–>10,000 | – | – |
D4 | 12–>10,000 | – | – |
D5 | 170 | ? | ? |
H1 | >10,000 | – | – |
H2 | >10,000 | – | – |
M1 | 862 | ? | ? |
M2 | 911 | ? | ? |
M3 | >10,000 | – | – |
M4 | >10,000 | – | – |
M5 | >10,000 | – | – |
Notes: All receptors are human except 5-HT5A (mouse/rat) and 5-HT5B (mouse/rat—no human counterpart).[ No affinity for histamine H1 or H2, cannabinoid CB1, GABA receptor, glutamate, or nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, nor the monoamine transporters (all >10,000 nM).] |
Pharmacokinetics
The bioavailability of ergotamine is around 2% orally, 6% rectally, and 100% by intramuscular or intravenous injection.[ The low oral and rectal bioavailability is due to low gastrointestinal absorption and high first-pass metabolism.][
]
However, ergotamine does not readily cross the blood–brain barrier and hence is peripherally selective.
This is due to it being an avid substrate for P-glycoprotein and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP).[ Only minimal amounts of the drug (~1%) cross into the brain.][
]
Natural occurrence
Biosynthesis
Ergotamine is a secondary metabolite (natural product) and the principal alkaloid produced by the ergot fungus, Claviceps purpurea, and related fungi in the family Clavicipitaceae. Its biosynthesis in these fungi requires the amino acid L-tryptophan and dimethylallyl pyrophosphate. These precursor compounds are the substrates for the enzyme, tryptophan dimethylallyltransferase, catalyzing the first step in ergot alkaloid biosynthesis, i.e., the prenylation of L-tryptophan. Further reactions, involving methyltransferase and oxygenase enzymes, yield the ergoline, lysergic acid. Lysergic acid (LA) is the substrate of lysergyl peptide synthetase, a nonribosomal peptide synthetase, which links LA to the amino acids, L-alanine, L-proline, and L-phenylalanine. Enzyme-catalyzed or spontaneous cyclizations, oxygenations/, and at selected residues precede, and give rise to, formation of ergotamine.
Society and culture
Legal status
Ergotamine is a List I regulated chemical in the United States.
External links