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In botany, a drupe (or stone fruit) is a type of fruit in which an outer fleshy part (exocarp, or skin, and mesocarp, or flesh) surrounds a single shell (the pip (UK), pit (US), stone, or pyrena) of hardened endocarp with a seed ( kernel) inside. Drupes do not split open to release the seed, i.e., they are indehiscent. These fruits usually develop from a single carpel, and mostly from flowers with Superior ovary (polypyrenous drupes are exceptions).
The definitive characteristic of a drupe is that the hard, woody (lignified) stone is derived from the ovary wall of the flower. In an aggregate fruit, which is composed of small, individual drupes (such as a raspberry), each individual is termed a drupelet, and may together form an aggregate fruit. (2025). 9780143419549, DK Pub.. ISBN 9780143419549 Such fruits are often termed berries, although botanists use a different definition of berry. Other fleshy fruits may have a stony enclosure that comes from the seed coat surrounding the seed, but such fruits are not drupes.
that produce drupes include coffea arabica, jujube, mango, olive, most palms (including açaí, Date Palm, sabal and ), pistachio, white sapote, cashew, and all members of the genus Prunus, including the almond, apricot, cherry, damson, peach, nectarine, and plum.
The term drupaceous is applied to a fruit having the structure and texture of a drupe, but which does not precisely fit the definition of a drupe.
A freestone is a drupe with a stone that can easily be removed from the flesh. A clingstone is a drupe with a stone which cannot easily be removed from the flesh. A tryma is a nut-like drupe. Hickory nuts ( Carya) and ( Juglans) in the Juglandaceae family grow within an outer husk; these fruits are technically drupes or drupaceous nuts, not true botanical nuts.
Many drupes, with their sweet, fleshy outer layer, attract the attention of animals as food, and the plant benefits from the resulting seed dispersal.
The coconut is a drupe, its mesocarp a dry or fibrous husk, its endocarp a hard shell.
Bramble fruits such as the blackberry and the raspberry are aggregates of drupelets. The fruit of blackberries and raspberries comes from a single flower whose pistil is made up of a number of free carpels. However, mulberry, which closely resemble blackberries, are not aggregates but .
Some drupes occur in clusters, as in palms. Examples include Date palm, Jubaea chilensisC. Michael Hogan. 2008. Chilean Wine Palm: Jubaea chilensis, GlobalTwitcher.com, ed. N. Stromberg in central Chile and Washingtonia filifera in the Sonoran Desert of North America.
Many like , and some have drupe-like "fruits".
target="_blank" rel="nofollow"> Identification of Major Fruit Types (archived)
target="_blank" rel="nofollow"> Fruits Called Nuts (archived)
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