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The dombra, also known as the dombyra (; ), is a long-necked musical string instrument used by the Kazakhs, Hazaras, Uzbeks, Tajiks, Nogais, Bashkirs, and Tatars in their traditional folk music. The dombra shares certain characteristics with the komuz and dutar instruments, such as its long, thin neck and oblong body shape. It is a popular instrument mostly among Turkic peoples communities in Central Asian countries.
In 2012, the elektrodombyra was created.
The Hazara, , and , commonly found in Afghanistan, are with a body and neck carved from a single block of wood, usually mulberry or apricot. The is played with much banging and scratching on the instrument to help give a percussion sound. The two strings are made of nylon (in modern times) or gut string. They cross a short bridge to a pin at the other end of the body. There is a tiny sound hole in the back of the instrument, while the top is thick wood. It is not finished with any varnish, filing/sanding of any kind, and as with all other Turkic instruments there is some decoration.
A performer strikes all the strings at the same time. The upper string performs the bourdon Musical tone and the lower string performs the melody. A is used as a solo as well as an ensemble instrument.
The importance of the dombra in the culture of Kazakhstan was marked by including it in the Intangible Heritage register. In November 2014, Dombra kuy was included in was registered as a UNESCO intangible cultural heritage. "Kazakh traditional art of Dombra Kuy." UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage, 2014. In 2018, Kazakhstan initiated the Dombra Day. The National Dombra Day is celebrated in Kazakhstan every first Sunday of July.
From the 12th to the 18th century, the was used by Bashkir to accompany their poetic legends and . It is mentioned in the epic poem "Zayatulyak and Hiuhiliu". However, by the beginning of the 20th century, the was forgotten. The were often the main ideologists of ethnic insurrections, so when the Russian administration put down an uprising, they punished the and destroyed their . In the second half of the 20th century, several reconstructions were carried out. At present, the revivalist work continues. Among others, performer V. Shugayupov works on the revival of the . The modern wooden has a pear-shaped or an oval form.
Dombyra as an instrument is being popularized through Dombyra Party, a flash mob-like movement of Kazakh youth organized via social media. The videos of Dombyra Party activities are shared on YouTube, Facebook etc.
There are different classifications of Dombyra, for example Dombyra for singing songs or has 8-9 frets, dombyra for kyus has more than 20 frets. "Dombra" The Shahnameh Guide To The Lutes Of Central Asia
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