A disc jockey, more commonly abbreviated as DJ, is a person who plays recorded music for an audience. Types of DJs include radio DJs (who host programs on music radio stations), club DJs (who work at or ), mobile DJs (who are hired to work at public and private events such as weddings, parties, or festivals), and turntablism (who use record players, usually , to manipulate sounds on phonograph records). Originally, the "disc" in "disc jockey" referred to shellac and later vinyl records, but nowadays DJ is used as an all-encompassing term to also describe persons who DJ mix music from other recording media such as compact cassette, Compact disc or digital audio files on a CDJ, controller, or even a laptop. DJs may adopt the title "DJ" in front of their real names, adopted pseudonyms, or stage names.
DJs commonly use audio equipment that can play at least two sources of recorded music simultaneously. This enables them to audio mixing to create transitions between recordings and develop unique DJ mix of songs. This can involve beatmatching of the music sources so their rhythms and tempos do not clash when played together and enable a smooth transition from one song to another. DJs often use specialized , small Audio console with crossfader and cue functions to blend or transition from one song to another. Mixers are also used to pre-listen to sources of recorded music in headphones and adjust upcoming tracks to mix with currently playing music. DJ software can be used with a DJ controller device to mix audio files on a computer instead of a console mixer. DJs may also use a microphone to speak to the audience; such as reverb to create sound effects and electronic musical instruments such as and .
Etymology
The term "disc jockey" was ostensibly coined by radio gossip commentator
Walter Winchell in 1935 to describe the radio work of
Martin Block. The phrase first appeared in print in a 1941
Variety magazine. Originally, the word "disc" in "disc jockey" referred to phonograph or gramophone records and was used to describe radio personalities who introduced them on the air.
Role
"DJ" is used as an all-encompassing term to describe someone who mixes recorded music from any source, including
vinyl records,
compact cassette, CDs, or digital audio files. DJs typically perform for a live audience in a
nightclub or dance club or a TV, radio broadcast audience, or an
online radio audience. DJs also create mixes, remixes, and tracks that are recorded for later sale and distribution. Some DJs adopt the title "DJ" as part of their names. Professional DJs often specialize in a specific genre of music, such as
techno,
house music, or
hip-hop. DJs typically have extensive knowledge about the music they specialize in. Many DJs are avid music collectors of vintage,
Rare groove, or obscure tracks and records. An unreleased (or otherwise unnamed) track played or published by a DJ is known as an "ID"
/ref> The term "ID"
/ref>
Types
Club DJs
Club DJs, commonly referred to as DJs in general, play music at musical events, such as parties at
Nightclub or bars, clubs, music festivals, corporate, and private events. Typically, club DJs mix music recordings from two or more sources using different mixing techniques to produce a non-stop flow of music. Mixing began with hip-hop in the 1970s and would subsequently expand to other genres in especially (but not exclusively) dance music. A DJ who mostly plays and mixes one specific music genre is often given the title of that genre; for example, a DJ who plays
hip-hop is called a hip-hop DJ, a DJ who plays
house music is a house DJ, a DJ who plays
techno is called a techno DJ, and so on.
The quality of a DJ performance (often called a DJ mix or DJ set) consists of two main features: technical skills, or how well the DJ can operate the equipment and produce smooth transitions between two or more recordings and a playlist; and the ability of a DJ to select the most suitable recordings, also known as "reading the crowd".[ How To Read A Crowd (And What Happens If You Don't), Digital DJ Tips, 3 November 2017.] One key technique used for seamlessly transitioning from one song to another is beatmatching.
Hip-hop DJs
In
hip-hop, DJs may create beats, using percussion breaks,
, and other musical content sampled from pre-existing records. In
hip-hop, rappers and MCs use these beats to
rapping over.
Radio DJs
Radio DJs or radio personalities introduce and play music broadcasts on
AM broadcasting,
FM broadcasting,
Digital radio, or
Internet radio stations.
Dancehall/reggae deejays
In Jamaican music, a deejay (DJ) is a
reggae or
dancehall musician who sings and "toasts" (recites poetry) to an instrumental
riddim. Deejays are not to be confused with DJs from other music genres, like hip-hop, where they select and play music. Dancehall/reggae DJs who select
to play are called selectors. Deejays whose style is nearer to singing are sometimes called
.
Turntablists
Turntablists, also called battle DJs, use
Phonograph and
DJ mixer to manipulate recorded sounds to produce new music. In essence, they use DJ equipment as a musical instrument. Perhaps the best-known turntablist technique is
scratching. Turntablists often participate in DJ contests like DMC World DJ Championships.
Residents
A resident DJ performs at a venue on a regular basis or permanently.
They would perform regularly (typically under an agreement) in a particular discotheque, a particular club, a particular event, or a particular broadcasting station.
Residents have a decisive influence on the club or a series of events.
Per agreement with the management or company, the DJ would have to perform under agreed times and dates.
Typically, DJs perform as residents for two or three times in a week, for example, on Friday and Saturday. DJs who make a steady income from a venue are also considered resident DJs.
Other types
-
Bedroom DJs – A non-professional DJ who mixes music in their room as a hobby, rather than on radio or in a music venue such as a bar or a nightclub. Bedroom DJs are normally motivated by a desire to hone their skills and have fun with friends. Many professional DJs start out as bedroom DJs but not all bedroom DJs want to become professional –some are content being hobbyists. Most bedroom DJs generally have small set-ups of basic equipment. They might be learning how to DJ on a laptop or have a controller.
-
– DJs with their own portable audio sound systems who specialize in performing at Party such as block parties, street fairs, taverns, weddings, birthdays, school and corporate events. Mobile DJs may also offer lighting packages and video systems.
Women DJs
In Western
popular music, even though there are relatively few women DJs and turntablists, women musicians have achieved great success in singing and songwriting roles, however, they are given much less representation than men DJs. Part of this may stem from a generally low percentage of women in audio technology-related jobs. A 2013
Sound on Sound article by Rosina Ncube stated that there are "... few women in
Music producer and sound engineering."
Ncube states that "ninety-five percent of music producers are male, and although there are women producers achieving great things in music, they are less well-known than their counterparts."
The vast majority of students in music technology programs are male. In
hip-hop, the low percentage of women DJs and turntablists may stem from the overall men's domination of the entire hip-hop music industry. Most of the top rappers, MCs, DJs, record producers and music executives are men. There are a small number of high-profile women, but they are rare.
In 2007, Mark Katz's article "Men, Women, and Turntables: Gender and the DJ Battle", stated that "very few women do battles; the matter has been a topic of conversation among hip-hop DJs for years."
Lucy Green has focused on gender in relation to musical performers and creators, and specifically on educational frameworks as they relate to both.
Notable women DJs (2000s–present)
The following alphabetical selection lists 50 widely covered women DJs active since the 2000s, reflecting sustained coverage in international polls, critics’ lists and major media (e.g., DJ Mag’s Top 100 DJs,
Billboard’s Dance 100,
Mixmag, and
Resident Advisor). See also recurring international rankings and end-of-year features that document women’s prominence in DJ culture.
-
Alison Wonderland — Australian DJ and producer working across bass and electro-pop, noted for large-scale festival performances.
-
Amelie Lens — Belgian techno DJ and label head of KNTXT, associated with peak-time, hard-edged sets.
-
Anna Lunoe — Australian house DJ, vocalist and producer; also known for international radio and club residencies.
-
Anja Schneider — German techno/house DJ and producer; longtime label curator and A&R.
-
Annie Mac — Irish DJ and broadcaster, former BBC Radio 1 host and champion of emergent dance acts.
-
Annie Nightingale — British broadcaster and pioneering BBC Radio 1 DJ who helped mainstream club culture.
-
B.Traits — Canadian DJ/producer and former BBC Radio 1 presenter with a multi-genre club and radio profile.
-
Cassy — Austrian-born house/techno DJ, producer and vocalist with residencies at leading European clubs.
-
Charlotte de Witte — Belgian techno DJ/producer and KNTXT founder, known for high-intensity, streamlined techno.
-
Chloé — French DJ/producer associated with minimal, electro and filmic electronics; runs Lumière Noire.
-
DJ Minx — Detroit house/techno DJ and founder of Women on Wax, active since the 1990s.
-
DJ Paulette — British house DJ with historic residencies at Hacienda, Ministry of Sound and Paris clubs.
-
DJ Rap — British DJ/producer linked to drum and bass and jungle; founder of Propa Talent.
-
DJ Rekha — British-born, US-based DJ credited with popularizing bhangra in New York through Basement Bhangra.
-
DJ Soda — South Korean EDM/pop DJ with a mainstream festival and club presence across Asia.
-
DJ Spinderella — American DJ best known as member of Salt-N-Pepa and as a solo club DJ.
-
Eclair Fifi — Scottish DJ and curator associated with the LuckyMe collective and forward-looking club music.
-
Ellen Allien — German techno DJ/producer; founder of BPitch Control and fixture of Berlin’s scene.
-
HAAi — Australian-born, London-based DJ/producer blending psychedelic textures with techno and left-field dance.
-
Hannah Wants — British house/bass DJ recognized for energetic club sets and UK radio work.
-
Heidi — Canadian-born DJ known for jackin’ house and techno; creator of the Jackathon brand.
-
Helena Hauff — German DJ/producer famed for raw electro, acid and industrial-leaning techno.
-
Honey Dijon — Chicago-born house DJ/producer with deep roots in US club culture and fashion collaborations.
-
Ikonika — British DJ/producer associated with Hyperdub and UK bass/experimental club sounds.
-
Jayda G — Canadian DJ/producer bridging disco, house and contemporary club music.
-
K-Hand — Detroit techno/house DJ and producer; founder of Acacia Records and early Motor City pioneer.
-
Kemistry & Storm — British drum-and-bass duo closely associated with Metalheadz and UK club culture.
-
Lady Starlight — American DJ and live techno performer known for hardware-driven sets.
-
Laurel Halo — American electronic musician and DJ spanning experimental techno, ambient and sound art.
-
Magda — Polish-born American DJ tied to minimal techno and the Minus/Detroit networks.
-
Mary Anne Hobbs — English DJ and curator known for radio advocacy of experimental and bass music.
-
Maya Jane Coles — British-Japanese DJ/producer across deep and tech house, also records as Nocturnal Sunshine.
-
Mija — American DJ/producer working between house, bass and indie-leaning club sounds.
-
Miss Djax — Dutch DJ/producer; founder of Djax-Up-Beats and influential in European techno.
-
Miss Kittin — French DJ/singer central to electroclash and electro-techno, often with The Hacker.
-
Miss Monique — Ukrainian progressive and melodic house DJ/producer; known for widely viewed mixes.
-
Monika Kruse — German techno DJ/producer and Terminal M label founder with decades-long career.
-
Nastia — Ukrainian DJ/label owner (Propaganda) noted for fast, percussive techno sets.
-
Nicole Moudaber — Lebanese-Nigerian DJ/producer; runs MOOD Records and global techno events.
-
Nina Kraviz — Russian DJ/producer spanning techno, acid and trance; founder of трип (Trip) label.
-
Nina Las Vegas — Australian DJ/curator and former Triple J presenter; head of the NLV Records imprint.
-
Nora En Pure — South African-Swiss DJ/producer associated with deep and melodic house; leads Purified brand.
-
Paula Temple — British techno DJ/producer known for abrasive, industrial-leaning sound design.
-
Peggy Gou — South Korean DJ/producer; Gudu Records founder with global club and festival profile.
-
Rezz — Canadian DJ/producer recognized for mid-tempo, hypnotic bass music and immersive visuals.
-
Sama' Abdulhadi — Palestinian techno DJ/producer and prominent figure in the West Asian scene.
-
Soledad Rodríguez Zubieta — Argentine DJ, radio host and music curator noted for “sonic decoration” in hospitality and retail.
-
Tokimonsta — American producer/DJ blending hip-hop and electronic; founder of Young Art Records.
-
Yaeji — Korean-American singer/producer/DJ combining house, pop and bilingual vocals in club contexts.
Equipment
DJs use equipment that enables them to play multiple sources of recorded music and mix them to create seamless transitions and unique arrangements of songs. An important tool for DJs is the specialized
DJ mixer, a small
audio console with a
crossfader and cue functions. The crossfader enables the DJ to blend or transition from one song to another. The cue knobs or switches allow the DJ to listen to a source of recorded music in
headphones before playing it for the live club or broadcast audience. Previewing the music in headphones helps the DJ pick the next track they want to play, cue up the track to the desired starting location, and align the two tracks' beats in traditional situations where auto-sync technology is not being used. This process ensures that the selected song will mix well with the currently playing music. DJs may
beatmatching of the music sources so their rhythms do not clash when they are played together to help create a smooth transition from one song to another. Other equipment may include a
microphone,
such as
reverb, and electronic musical instruments such as
and synthesizers.
As music technology has progressed, DJs have adopted different types of equipment to play and mix music, all of which are still commonly used. Traditionally, DJs used two plugged into a DJ mixer to mix music on vinyl records. As compact discs became popular media for publishing music, specialized high-quality CD players known as were developed for DJs. CDJs can take the place of turntables or be used together with turntables. Many CDJs can now play digital music files from USB flash drives or Secure Digital in addition to CDs. With the spread of portable laptops, tablet computer, and smartphone computers, DJs began using software together with specialized and DJ controller hardware. DJ software can be used in conjunction with a hardware DJ mixer or be used instead of a hardware mixer.
Turntables
allow DJs to play vinyl records. By adjusting the playback speed of the turntable, either by adjusting the speed knob or by manipulating the platter (e.g., by slowing down the platter by putting a finger gently along the side), DJs can match the
of different records so their rhythms can be played together at the same time without clashing or make a smooth, seamless transition from one song to another. This technique is known as
beatmatching. DJs typically replace the rubber mat on turntables that keep the record moving in sync with the turntable with a
slipmat that facilitates manipulating the playback of the record by hand. With the slipmat, the DJ can stop or slow down the record while the turntable is still spinning. Direct-drive turntables are the type preferred by DJs. Belt-drive turntables are less expensive, but they are not suitable for turntablism and DJing, because the belt-drive motor can be damaged by this type of manipulation. Some DJs, most commonly those who play
hip-hop, go beyond merely mixing records and use turntables as musical instruments for
scratching,
beat juggling, and other
turntablism techniques.
CDJs/media players
/ media players are high-quality digital media players made for DJing. They often have large jog wheels and
to allow DJs to manipulate the playback of digital files for
beatmatching similar to how DJs manipulate vinyl records on turntables. CDJs often have features such as loops and waveform displays similar to DJ software. Originally designed to play music from compact discs, they now can play digital music files stored on USB flash drives and
Secure Digital. Some CDJs can also connect to a computer running DJ software to act as a
DJ controller. Modern media players have the ability to stream music from online music providers such as Beatport, Beatsource, Tidal, and SoundCloud GO.
DJ mixers
DJ mixers are small audio
specialized for DJing. Most DJ mixers have far fewer channels than a mixer used by a record producer or
audio engineer; whereas standard live sound mixers in small venues have 12 to 24 channels, and standard recording studio mixers have even more (as many as 72 on large boards), basic DJ mixers may have only two channels. While DJ mixers have many of the same features found on larger mixers (faders, equalization knobs, gain knobs,
, etc.), DJ mixers have a feature that is usually only found on DJ mixers: the
crossfader. The crossfader is a type of fader that is mounted horizontally. DJs used the crossfader to mix two or more sound sources. The midpoint of the crossfader's travel is a 50/50 mix of the two channels (on a two-channel mixer). The far left side of the crossfader provides only the channel A sound source. The far right side provides only the channel B sound source (e.g., record player number 2). Positions in between the two extremes provide different mixes of the two channels. Some DJs use a computer with DJ software and a
DJ controller instead of an analog DJ mixer to mix music, although DJ software can be used in conjunction with a hardware DJ mixer.
Headphones
DJs generally use higher-quality headphones than those designed for music consumers. DJ headphones have other properties useful for DJs, such as designs that acoustically isolate the sounds of the headphones from the outside environment (hard shell headphones), flexible headbands and pivot joints to allow DJs to listen to one side of the headphones while turning the other headphone away (so they can monitor the mix in the club), and replaceable cables. Replaceable cables enable DJs to buy new cables if a cable becomes frayed, worn, or damaged, or if a cable is accidentally cut.
Closed-back headphones are highly recommended for DJs to block outside noise as the environment of DJ usually tends to be very noisy. Standard headphones have a 3.5mm jack but DJ equipment usually requires ¼ inch jack. Most specialized DJ Headphones have an adapter to switch between a 3.5mm jack and ¼ inch jack. Detachable coiled cables are perfect for DJ Headphones.
Software
DJs have changed their equipment as new technologies are introduced. The earliest DJs in pop music, in 1970s discos, used
phonograph, vinyl records and
. In the 1970s, DJs would have to lug heavy direct-drive turntables and crates of records to clubs and shows. In the 1980s, many DJs transitioned to
. In the 1990s and 2000s, many DJs switched to using
digital audio such as CDs and MP3 files. As technological advances made it practical to store large collections of digital music files on a laptop computer, DJ software was developed so DJs could use a laptop as a source of music instead of transporting CDs or vinyl records to gigs. Unlike most music player software designed for regular consumers, DJ software can play at least two audio files simultaneously, display the
of the files on screen and enable the DJ to listen to either source.
The waveforms allow the DJ to see what is coming next in the music and how the playback of different files is aligned. The software analyzes music files to identify their tempo and where the beats are. The analyzed information can be used by the DJ to help manually beatmatch like with vinyl records or the software can automatically synchronize the beats. Digital signal processing algorithms in software allow DJs to adjust the tempo of recordings independently of their pitch and musical key, a feature known as "keylock". Some software analyzes the loudness of the music for automatic normalization with ReplayGain and detects the musical key. Additionally, DJ software can store cue points, set loops, and apply effects unit.
As and became widespread, DJ software was written to run on these devices in addition to laptops. DJ software requires specialized hardware in addition to a computer to fully take advantage of its features. The consumer-grade, regular sound card integrated into most computer motherboards can only output two channels (one stereo pair). However, DJs need to be able to output at least four channels (two stereo pairs, thus Left and Right for input 1 and Left and Right for input 2), either unmixed signals to send to a DJ mixer or the main output plus a headphone output. Additionally, DJ sound cards output higher-quality signals than the sound cards built into consumer-grade computer motherboards.
Timecode
Special vinyl records (or CDs/digital files played with
) can be used with DJ software to play digital music files with DJ software as if they were pressed onto vinyl, allowing
turntablism techniques to be used with digital files. These vinyl records do not have music recordings pressed onto them. Instead, they are pressed with
timecode for controlling DJ software. The DJ software interprets changes in the playback speed, direction, and position of the timecode signal and manipulates the digital files it is playing in the same way that the turntable manipulates the timecode record.
A system that uses timecode vinyl is called a digital vinyl system (DVS). Some DVS systems require a specialized DJ sound card with at least 4 channels (2 stereo pairs) of inputs and outputs. With this setup, the DJ software typically outputs unmixed signals from the music files to an external hardware DJ mixer. Some DJ mixers have integrated USB sound cards that allow DJ software to connect directly to the mixer without requiring a separate sound card.
DJ controllers
A DJ software can be used to mix audio files on the computer instead of a separate hardware mixer. When mixing on a computer, DJs often use a
DJ controller device that mimics the layout of two turntables plus a DJ mixer to control the software rather than the computer keyboard &
touchpad on a laptop, or the
touchscreen on a
tablet computer or
smartphone. Many DJ controllers have an integrated
sound card with 4 output channels (2 stereo pairs) that allow the DJ to use headphones to preview music before playing it on the main output.
Other equipment
-
A microphone, so that the DJ can introduce songs and speak to the audience over the sound system
-
Electronic such as delay, reverb, octave, equalizer, chorus effect, etc.
-
Multi-stylus head shells, which allow a DJ to play different grooves of the same record at the same time
-
Synthesizer, Samplers, Music sequencer, or
-
PA system or sound reinforcement system ( and speaker enclosures), typically including subwoofer cabinets for deep bass (or, if a DJ is broadcasting and/or recording a set, broadcasting equipment or recording gear)
-
Monitor speakers, for listening to the "house mix" that is playing over the main speakers
Techniques
Several techniques are used by DJs as a means to better mix and blend recorded music. These techniques primarily include the cueing, equalization and audio mixing of two or more sound sources. The complexity and frequency of special techniques depend largely on the setting in which a DJ is working. Radio DJs are less likely to focus on advanced music-mixing procedures than club DJs, who rely on a smooth transition between songs using a range of techniques. However, some radio DJs are experienced club DJs, so they use the same sophisticated mixing techniques.
Club DJ turntable techniques include beatmatching, phrasing and slip-cueing to preserve energy on a dance floor. Turntablism embodies the art of cutting, beat juggling, scratching, needle drops, phase shifting, back spinning and more to perform the transitions and overdubs of samples in a more creative manner (although turntablism is often considered a use of the turntable as a musical instrument rather than a tool for blending recorded music). Professional DJs may use harmonic mixing to choose songs that are in compatible musical keys.
Recent advances in technology in both DJ hardware and software can provide assisted or automatic completion of some traditional DJ techniques and skills. Examples include phrasing and beatmatching, which can be partially or completely automated by using DJ software that performs automatic synchronization of sound recordings, a feature commonly labelled "sync". Most now include a beat counter which analyzes the tempo of an incoming sound source and displays its tempo in beats per minute (BPM), which may assist with beatmatching analog sound sources.
In the past, being a DJ has largely been a self-taught craft but with the complexities of new technologies and the convergence with music production methods, there are a growing number of schools and organizations that offer instruction on the techniques.
Miming
In DJ culture, miming refers to the practice of DJ's pantomiming the actions of live-mixing a set on stage while a pre-recorded mix plays over the sound system.
[Wendy Fonarow. Empire of Dirt: The Aesthetics and Rituals of British Indie Music. Wesleyan University Press; 10 July 2006. . p. 270–.][Charles Kriel. How to DVJ: A Digital DJ Masterclass. CRC Press; 25 January 2013. . p. 106–.] Miming mixing in a live performance is considered to be controversial within DJ culture.
Some within the DJ community say that miming is increasingly used as a technique by celebrity model DJs who may lack mixing skills, but can draw big crowds to a venue.
History
Playing recorded music for dancing and parties rose with the mass marketing of home
in the late 19th century.
British radio disc jockey Jimmy Savile hosted his first live dance party in 1943 using a single turntable and a makeshift sound system. Four years later, Savile began using two turntables welded together to form a single DJ console.
While the "Scotch-Club" in Aachen, where journalist Klaus Quirini (DJ Heinrich) became one of the first DJs to moderate between songs in 1959, is noted as an early discotheque,
In the 1960s, Rudy Bozak began making the first , mixing consoles specialized for DJing.
In the late 1960s to early 1970s Jamaican sound system culture, producer and sound system operator (DJ), (Jamaican) King Tubby and producer Lee "Scratch" Perry were pioneers of the genre known as dub music.[Michael Veal (2013), Dub: Soundscapes and Shattered Songs in Jamaican Reggae, pages 26–44, "Electronic Music in Jamaica", Wesleyan University Press.][Nicholas Collins, Margaret Schedel, Scott Wilson (2013), Electronic Music: Cambridge Introductions to Music, page 20, Cambridge University Press.] They experimented with Tape music; emphasized repetitive rhythmic structures (often stripped of their harmonic elements); electronically manipulated spatiality; sonically manipulated pre-recorded musical materials from mass media;
The stylized term of "deejay" originated in the 1960s and 1970s when reggae performers such as U-Roy and King Stitt toasted over the instrumental (dub music) versions of popular records. These versions were often released on the flip side to the song's 45 record. This gave the deejays the chance to create on-the-fly lyrics to the music. Big Youth, and I-Roy were famous deejays in Jamaica.
DJ turntablism has origins in the invention of direct-drive turntables. Early belt-drive turntables were unsuitable for turntablism and mixing, since they had a slow start-up time, and they were prone to wear-and-tear and breakage, as the belt would break from backspinning or scratching.[ The World of DJs and the Turntable Culture, p. 43, Hal Leonard Corporation, 2003.] The first direct-drive turntable was invented by engineer Shuichi Obata at Panasonic (now Panasonic),[ Billboard, 21 May 1977, p. 140.] based in Osaka, Japan.[Brian Santo, "Consumer Electrics Hall of Fame: The Maysushita/Technics SL-1200," IEEE Spectrum
and Shuichi Obata et al., "...Recent Technology", Journal of the Audio Engineering Society 32/6 (Apr. 1984), 131.] It eliminated belts, and instead employed a motor to directly drive a platter on which a vinyl record rests.[Trevor Pinch, Karin Bijsterveld, The Oxford Handbook of Sound Studies, p. 515, Oxford University Press.] In 1969, Matsushita released it as the SP-10,
In 1972, Technics started making their SL-1200 turntable, featuring high torque direct drive design.[ Six Machines That Changed The Music World, Wired, May 2002.] The SL-1200 had a rapid start and its durable direct drive enabled DJs to manipulate the platter, as with scratching techniques. Hip-hop DJs began using the Technics SL-1200s as musical instruments to manipulate records with turntablism techniques such as scratching and beat juggling rather than merely mixing records. These techniques were developed in the 1970s by DJ Kool Herc, Grand Wizard Theodore, and Afrika Bambaataa, as they experimented with Technics direct-drive decks, finding that the motor would continue to spin at the correct RPM even if the DJ wiggled the record back and forth on the platter.
Hip-hop DJ’s started with DJ Kool Herc, Grandmaster Flash, and Afrika Bambaataa who were members of a block party at South Bronx from 1973 onwards. Kool Herc played records such as James Brown's "Give It Up or Turnit a Loose", Jimmy Castor's "It's Just Begun", Booker T. & the M.G.'s' "Melting Pot",[Shapiro, pp. 212–213.] Incredible Bongo Band's "Bongo Rock" and "Apache", and UK rock band Babe Ruth's "The Mexican". With Bronx clubs struggling with street gangs, uptown DJs catering to an older disco crowd with different aspirations, and commercial radio also catering to a demographic distinct from teenagers in the Bronx, Herc's parties had a ready-made audience.[Shapiro, Peter. Rough Guide to Hip-Hop, 2nd. ed., London: Rough Guides, 2005 . pp. 212–213.][Toop, David. Rap Attack, 3rd. ed., London: Serpent's Tail, 2000 p. 65.][Ogg, Alex, with Upshall, David. The Hip Hop Years, London: Macmillan, 1999 p. 18.]
DJ Kool Herc developed the style that was the blueprint for hip-hop. Herc used the record to focus on a short, heavily percussive part in it: the "break". Since this part of the record was the one the dancers liked best, Herc isolated the break and prolonged it by changing between two record players. As one record reached the end of the break, he cued a second record back to the beginning of the break, which allowed him to extend a relatively short section of music into a "five-minute loop of fury".[Chang, Jeff. Can't Stop Won't Stop: A History of the Hip-Hop Generation. St. Martin's Press, New York: 2005. p. 79.] This innovation had its roots in what Herc called "The Merry-Go-Round", a technique by which the DJ switched from break to break at the height of the party. This technique is specifically called "The Merry-Go-Round" because according to Herc, it takes one "back and forth with no slack."
During the 1970s disco era, Germany developed a distinct global influence with the "Munich Sound." Producers based in Munich, most notably Giorgio Moroder, pioneered a synthesizer-heavy, hypnotic disco sound that influenced producers and DJs worldwide.[ Von der Polka zum Berghain: Die (fast) lückenlose und wilde Geschichte des deutschen DJs. DJ München. 2024.]
In 1980, Japanese company Roland released the TR-808, an analog Drum machine, which has unique artificial sounds, such as its booming Bass drum and sharp Snare drum, and a metronome-like rhythm. Yellow Magic Orchestra's use of the instrument in 1980 influenced hip-hop pioneer Afrika Bambaataa, after which the TR-808 would be widely adopted by hip-hop DJs, with 808 sounds remaining central to hip-hop music ever since.[Neil Kulkarni (2015), The Periodic Table of HIP HOP, p. 44, Random House.][ 808 (documentary film).] The Roland TB-303, a bass synthesizer released in 1981, had a similar impact on electronic dance music genres such as techno and house music,[ Complex.com.][ Mixmag.]
In 1982, the Compact disc (CD) format was released, popularizing digital audio. In 1998, the first MP3 digital audio player, the Eiger Labs MPMan F10, was introduced. In January of that same year at the BeOS Developer Conference, N2IT demonstrated FinalScratch, the first digital DJ system to allow DJs control of MP3 files through special time-coded vinyl records or CDs.
The late 1980s saw the arrival of acid house and techno from the US, which found fertile ground in West Germany. Frankfurt became an early hub, with clubs like Dorian Gray and Omen, where DJ Sven Väth helped pioneer the techno scene and cultivated a new, long-form style of DJ-led partying.[ A (not entirely) German timeline from 1989 to the present day. Goethe-Institut. 2021.]
A pivotal moment occurred with the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989. This created a unique cultural and legal vacuum in the city's center, particularly in the former East, where abandoned factories, bunkers, and power plants were repurposed into legendary techno clubs.[ Exploring Germany's Passion For Techno. Feralclo. 2023.] Clubs like Tresor, Der Bunker, and E-Werk became the crucibles for a new form of DJ culture. In this scene, the DJ acted less as an entertainer and more as a "shaman" leading the crowd on extended sonic journeys, often in venues with no set closing times.
This movement was epitomized by the Love Parade, an event started by DJ Dr. Motte in 1989 as a small demonstration for "Peace, Joy, and Pancakes" ( Friede, Freude, Eierkuchen) with 150 people. It grew into a massive festival, drawing an estimated 1.5 million attendees at its peak in 1999.
Germany also played a central role in the technology of modern DJing. The MP3 audio compression format was developed primarily at the Fraunhofer-Institut.
In 2001, Pioneer DJ began producing the CDJ-1000 CD player, making the use of digital music recordings with traditional DJ techniques practical for the first time. As the 2000s progressed, laptop computers became more powerful and affordable. DJ software, specialized DJ , and were developed for DJs to use laptops as a source of music rather than turntables or CDJs. In the 2010s, like laptops before them, and became more powerful & affordable. DJ software was written to run on these more portable devices instead of laptops, although laptops remain the more common type of computer for DJing.
Health concerns
The risk of DJs working in nightclubs with
loud music includes noise-induced hearing loss and
tinnitus.
Nightclubs constantly exceed safe levels of noise exposure with average sound levels ranging from 93.2 to 109.7 dB.
Constant music exposure creates temporary and permanent auditory dysfunction for professional DJs with average levels at 96 dB being above the recommended level, at which ear protection is mandatory for industry. Three-quarters of DJs have tinnitus
and are at risk of
tenosynovitis in the wrists and other limbs. Tenosynovitis results from staying in the same position over multiple gigs for scratching motion and cueing, this would be related to a repetitive strain injury.
Gigs can last 4–5 hours in the
nightlife and hospitality industry, as a result, there are potential complications of prolonged standing which include slouching, varicose veins, cardiovascular disorders, joint compression, and muscle fatigue.
This is common for other staff to experience as well including bartenders and security staff for example.
See also
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Digital DJ licensing
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List of club DJs
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List of music software#DJ software
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Live PA
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DJ mix
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Record collecting
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Spelling of disc
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Stage lighting
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VJ (media personality)
Notes
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Assef, Claudia (2000). Todo DJ Já Sambou: A História do Disc-Jóquei no Brasil. São Paulo: Conrad Editora do Brasil. .
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Brewster, Bill, and Frank Broughton (2000). Last Night a DJ Saved My Life: The History of the Disc Jockey. New York: Grove Press. (North American edition). London: Headline. (UK edition).
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Broughton, Frank, and Bill Brewster. How to DJ Right: The Art and Science of Playing Records. New York: Grove Press, 2003.
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Graudins, Charles A. How to Be a DJ. Boston: Course Technology PTR, 2004.
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Lawrence, Tim (2004). Love Saves the Day: A History of American Dance Music Culture, 1970–1979 . Duke University Press. .
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Miller, Paul D. a.k.a. DJ Spooky, Sound Unbound: Writings on DJ Culture and Electronic Music, MIT Press 2008. .
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Poschardt, Ulf (1998). DJ Culture. London: Quartet Books. .
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Zemon, Stacy. The Mobile DJ Handbook: How to Start & Run a Profitable Mobile Disc Jockey Service, Second Edition. St. Louis: Focal Press, 2002.
External links
