A smartphone is a portable personal computer with a mobile operating system with features useful for handheld use. Smartphones, which are typically pocket-sized (as opposed to Tablet computer, which are much larger than a pocket), have the ability to place and receive voice/video calls and create and receive text messaging, have virtual assistants (such as Siri, Google Assistant, Amazon Alexa, Cortana, Bixby), a note-taking application, an event calendar, a media player, video games, GPS navigation, digital camera and video camera. Smartphones can access the Internet through a cellular network or Wi-Fi and can run a variety of third-party software components ("mobile app" from places like Google Play Store or Apple App Store). They typically have a color display with a graphical user interface that covers the front surface. The display is almost always a touchscreen that enables the user to use a virtual keyboard to type words, numbers, and other characters, and press to activate "app" features.
In 1999, the Japanese firm NTT DoCoMo released the first smartphones to achieve mass adoption within a country.
History
Early years
The first few purposes of smartphones were telecommunications, timekeeping, note taking, calculation, and basic
computing functionality. This was first conceptualized by
Nikola Tesla in 1909 and Theodore Paraskevakos in 1971 and patented in 1974, and were offered for sale beginning in 1993. Paraskevakos was the first to introduce the concept of telephony into computers. In 1971, while he was working with
Boeing in Huntsville, Alabama, Paraskevakos demonstrated a
transmitter and receiver that provided additional ways to communicate with remote equipment, however it still did not yet have general purpose functionality. They were installed at Peoples' Telephone Company in Leesburg, Alabama and were demonstrated to several telephone companies. The original and historic working models are still in the possession of Paraskevakos.
[U.S. Patent #3,812,296/5-21-1974 ( Apparatus for Generating and Transmitting Digital Information), U.S. Patent #3,727,003/4-10-1973 ( Decoding and Display Apparatus for Groups of Pulse Trains), U.S. Patent #3,842,208/10-15-1974 ( Sensor Monitoring Device)]
Forerunner
Simon was a prototype developed by Frank Canova
in 1992 while at
IBM and demonstrated that year at the
COMDEX computer industry trade show. It included PDA features and other visionary mobile applications such as maps, stock reports and news. A refined version was marketed to consumers in 1994 by
BellSouth under the name
IBM Simon. The Simon was the first commercially available device that could be properly referred to as a "smartphone", although that term was not coined until a year later.
In addition to placing and receiving cellular calls, Simon could send and receive
faxes and
emails. Simon included an address book, calendar, appointment scheduler, calculator, world time clock and notepad, utilizing its touch screen display.
[ History of first touchscreen smartphone Spinfold.com] The term "smart phone" appeared in print as early as 1995, describing AT&T's PhoneWriter Communicator.
PDAs
In the mid-late 1990s, many smartphone users carried a separate dedicated PDA device, running early versions of operating systems such as
Palm OS,
BlackBerry OS or
Windows CE/
Pocket PC. These operating systems would later evolve into mobile operating systems. In March 1996,
Hewlett-Packard released the OmniGo 700LX, a modified HP 200LX palmtop PC that supported a Nokia 2110 PDA with
Read-only memory-based software to support it. It had a 640×200 resolution CGA compatible four-shade gray-scale LCD screen and could be used to place and receive calls, and to create and receive text messages, emails and faxes. It was also 100%
DOS 5.0 compatible, allowing it to run thousands of existing software titles, including early versions of Windows.
In August 1996, Nokia released the Nokia 9000 Communicator, a digital cellular PDA based on the Nokia 2110 with an integrated system based on the PEN/GEOS 3.0 operating system from Geoworks. The two components were attached by a hinge in what became known as a clamshell design, with the display above and a physical QWERTY keyboard below. The PDA provided e-mail; calendar, address book, calculator and notebook applications; text-based Web browsing; and could send and receive faxes. When closed, the device could be used as a digital cellular telephone. In June 1999 Qualcomm released the "pdQ Smartphone", a CDMA digital PCS Smartphone with an integrated Palm PDA and Internet connectivity.
Subsequent landmark devices included:
-
The Ericsson R380 (2000) by Ericsson Mobile Communications.
-
The Kyocera 6035 (early 2001) introduced by Palm, Inc. Combining a PDA with a mobile phone, it operated on the Verizon Wireless network, and supported limited Web browsing.
-
Handspring's Treo 180 (2002), the first smartphone to combine the Palm OS and a GSM PDA with telephony, SMS messaging and Internet access fully integrated into the OS.
Smartphones before present-day Android-, iOS- and BlackBerry-based phones typically used the Symbian operating system. Originally developed by Psion, it was the world's most widely used smartphone operating system until 2010.
Mass adoption in Japan
In 1999, the Japanese firm
NTT DoCoMo released the first smartphones to achieve mass adoption within a country. These phones ran on
i-mode, which provided data transmission speeds up to 9.6 kbit/s.
Unlike future generations of wireless services, NTT DoCoMo's i-mode used
cHTML, a language which restricted some aspects of traditional
HTML in favor of increasing data speed for the devices. Limited functionality, small screens and limited bandwidth allowed for phones to use the slower data speeds available.
The rise of i-mode helped NTT DoCoMo accumulate an estimated 40 million subscribers by the end of 2001. It was also ranked first in market capitalization in Japan and second globally. This power would later wane in the face of the rise of 3G and new phones with advanced wireless network capabilities.
Early smartphones outside of Japan
Smartphones were still rare outside of Japan until the introduction of the
Danger Hiptop in 2002, which saw moderate success among U.S. consumers as the
T-Mobile Sidekick. Later, in the mid-2000s, business users in the U.S. started to adopt devices based on Microsoft's
Windows Mobile, and then
BlackBerry smartphones from Research In Motion. American users popularized the term "CrackBerry" in 2006 due to the BlackBerry's addictive nature.
Outside of the U.S. and Japan, Nokia was seeing success with its Symbian-based smartphones, the business-oriented
Nokia Eseries and entertainment-focused
Nokia Nseries.
Form factor shift
Before 2007, it was common for devices to have a physical numeric keypad or physical
QWERTY keyboard in either a candybar or sliding form factor.
In early 2007, Apple Inc. introduced the iPhone, one of the first smartphones to use a multi-touch interface. The iPhone was notable for its use of a large touchscreen for direct finger input as its main means of interaction, instead of a stylus, keyboard, or keypad typical for smartphones at the time.
In October 2008, the first phone to use Android called the HTC Dream (also known as the T-Mobile G1) was released.[ The Android Atlas Cnet.com. Retrieved August 21, 2013.] Although Android's adoption was relatively slow at first, it started to gain widespread popularity in 2010, and in early 2012 dominated the smartphone market share worldwide, which continues to this day.
The iPhone and Android phones with their capacitive touchscreens changed smartphone form factors and led to the decline of earlier, keyboard- and keypad-focused platforms. Microsoft, for instance, discontinued Windows Mobile and started a new touchscreen-oriented OS from scratch, called Windows Phone. Nokia abandoned Symbian and partnered with Microsoft to use Windows Phone on its smartphones. Windows Phone then became the third-most-popular OS. Palm replaced their Palm OS with webOS, which was bought by Hewlett-Packard and later sold to LG Electronics for use on LG . BlackBerry Limited, formerly known as Research In Motion, made a new platform based on QNX, BlackBerry 10, with which it was possible to control a device without having to press any physical buttons; this platform was later discontinued.
By the mid 2010s, almost all smartphones were touchscreen-only.
Operating systems
Symbian was the most popular smartphone OS in
Europe during the middle to late 2000s. Initially, Nokia's Symbian devices were focused on business, similar to Windows Mobile and BlackBerry devices at the time. From 2006 onwards, Nokia started producing entertainment-focused smartphones, popularized by the
Nokia Nseries. In Asia, with the exception of Japan, the trend was similar to that of Europe. In 2003,
Motorola launched the first smartphone to use
Linux, the A760 handset.
While the initial release was limited to a single high-end handset only available in the Asia-Pacific region, the maker's intention was to eventually use Linux on most of its handsets, including the lower-end models. Further models to use Linux such as the
Motorola Ming A1200i in 2005 and several successors to the Ming line would be unveiled through 2010. In late 2009, Motorola released the
Motorola Cliq,
the first of Motorola's smartphones to run the Linux-based Android operating system.
Technological developments in the 2010s
In 2013,
Fairphone launched its first "socially ethical" smartphone at the London Design Festival to address concerns regarding the sourcing of materials in the manufacturing.
In late 2013, QSAlpha commenced production of a smartphone designed entirely around security, encryption and identity protection.
Some companies began to release smartphones incorporating
to create curved form factors, such as the Samsung Galaxy Round and LG G Flex.
In October 2013, Motorola Mobility announced Project Ara, a concept for a modular smartphone platform that would allow users to customize and upgrade their phones with add-on modules that attached magnetically to a frame.
By 2014, 1440p displays began to appear on high-end smartphones.
Future possible developments
Rollable display OLED smartphones have been anticipated for years but have failed to materialize because of the relatively high failure rate when producing these screens. As well, creating a battery that can be folded is another hurdle.
[ Bendable smartphones aren't coming anytime soon , The Sydney Morning Herald, Ian King, December 16, 2013]
Hardware
Display
One of the main characteristics of smartphones is their
Display device. It may fill some of the device's front surface (about 70%), or like the
iPhone X or Galaxy S8, most all of the available space is reserved on the front display. Many have an
aspect ratio of ; some are or other ratios. They are measured in diagonal
, starting from 2.45 inches.
Phones with screens larger than 5.2 inches are often called "
". Smartphones with screens over 4.5 inches commonly are shifted while using a single hand, since most thumbs cannot reach the entire screen surface, or used in place with both hands. Liquid-crystal displays are the most common; others are
IPS panel,
LED,
OLED,
AMOLED and
E Ink displays. In the 2010s,
Braille screens, which can be used by visually impaired people are being developed. It is expected that Braille screens will use some type of
microfluidics technology.
[ Braille for smartphone screens ] In addition, some displays are integrated with pressure sensitive digitizers such as those developed by Wacom and
Samsung. These digitizers allow users to have greater precision when utilizing touch-screens for drawing or for jotting down notes.
Accessories
A wide range of accessories are sold for smartphones, including cases, screen protectors, power charging cables, add-on batteries, headphones, combined headphone-microphones which allow a person to use the phone without holding it to the ear, and
Bluetooth-enabled
that enable users to listen to media from their smartphones wirelessly. Cases range from relatively inexpensive rubber or soft plastic cases which provide moderate protection from bumps and good protection from scratches to more expensive, heavy-duty cases that combine a rubber padding with a hard outer shell. Some cases have a "book"-like form, with a cover that the user opens to use the device; when the cover is closed, it protects the screen. Some "book"-like cases have additional pockets for credit cards, thus enabling people to use them as
. Accessories include products sold by the manufacturer of the smartphone and compatible products made by other manufacturers.
Software
Mobile operating systems
Android
Android is a mobile operating system developed by
Google, and backed by an industry consortium known as the Open Handset Alliance. It is an open source platform with optional proprietary components, including a suite of flagship software for
Google services, and the application and content storefront
Google Play.
Android was officially introduced via the release of its inaugural device, the
HTC Dream (T-Mobile G1) on 20 October 2008.
As an open source product, Android has also been the subject of third-party development. Development groups have used the Android source code to develop and distribute their own modified versions of the operating system, such as
CyanogenMod, to add features to the OS and provide newer versions of Android to devices that no longer receive official updates from their vendor.
versions of Android have also been adopted by other vendors, such as Amazon.com, who used its "
Fire OS" on a range of
tablet computer and the
Fire Phone.
As it is a non-proprietary platform that has shipped on devices covering a wide range of market segments, Android has seen significant adoption.
Gartner Research estimated that 325 million Android smartphones were sold during the fourth quarter of 2015, leading all other platforms. Samsung Electronics, who produces Android devices, was also the top smartphone vendor across all platforms in the same period of time.
Android is the top-selling smartphone OS in 2016.
iOS
iOS (formerly
iPhone OS) is a proprietary mobile operating system developed by Apple Inc. primarily for its
iPhone product line. The iPhone was first unveiled in January 2007. The device introduced numerous design concepts that have been adopted by modern smartphone platforms, such as the use of
multi-touch gestures for navigation, eschewing physical controls such as physical keyboard in favor of those rendered by the operating system itself on its touchscreen (including the keyboard), and the use of
skeuomorphism—making features and controls within the user interface resemble real-world objects and concepts in order to improve their usability.
In 2008, Apple introduced the App Store, a centralized storefront for purchasing new software for iPhone devices.
iOS can also integrate with Apple's desktop music program
iTunes to sync media to a personal computer.
The dependency on a PC was removed with the introduction of
iCloud on later versions of iOS, which provides synchronization of user data via internet servers between multiple devices.
The iPhone line's early dominance was credited with reshaping the smartphone industry, and helping make Apple one of the world's most valuable publicly traded companies by 2011. However, the iPhone and iOS have generally been in second place in worldwide market share.
Windows 10 Mobile
Windows 10 Mobile (formerly known as
Windows Phone) is from
Microsoft. It is closed source and proprietary. It has the third largest installed base on smartphones behind Android and iOS.
Unveiled on February 15, 2010, Windows Phone includes a user interface inspired by Microsoft's Metro Design Language. It is integrated with Microsoft services such as OneDrive and Microsoft Office, Xbox Music, Xbox Video, Xbox Live games and Bing, but also integrates with many other non-Microsoft services such as Facebook and Google Account. Windows Phone devices are made primarily by Microsoft Mobile/Nokia, and also by HTC and Samsung.
In January 2015, Microsoft announced that its Windows Phone brand will be phased out and replaced with Windows 10 Mobile, bringing tighter integration and unification with its PC counterpart Windows 10, and provide a platform for smartphones and tablets with screen sizes under 8 inches.
Windows Mobile smartphone series has had poor adoption, that also led to a decrease in third-party applications, and some vendors ended their support for Windows Mobile altogether.
Tizen
Tizen is a Linux-based
operating system for devices, including smartphones,
tablet computer, in-vehicle infotainment (IVI) devices, smart TVs,
and smart cameras. Tizen is a project within the
Linux Foundation and is governed by a Technical Steering Group (TSG) composed of Samsung and Intel among others. In April 2014, Samsung released the Samsung Gear 2 and the Gear 2 Neo, running Tizen.
The Samsung Z1 is the first smartphone produced by Samsung that runs Tizen; it was released in the
market on January 14, 2015.
Sailfish OS
The Sailfish OS is based on the
Linux kernel and Mer.
Additionally Sailfish OS includes a partially or completely proprietary multi-tasking
user interface programmed by
Jolla. This user interface differentiate Jolla smartphones from others.
Sailfish OS is intended to be a system made by many of the MeeGo team, which left Nokia to form Jolla, utilizing funding from Nokia's "Bridge" program which helps establish and support start-up companies formed by ex-Nokia employees.
BlackBerry 10
In early 2010s, BlackBerry Limited started making new devices on a new platform named "BlackBerry 10", which is based on their BlackBerry Tablet OS, to replace the
BlackBerry OS.
In 2015, BlackBerry said there would be no new devices with BB10 but they will still support the OS for existing devices.
[ BlackBerry has no plans to release new BB10 devices Mobilesyrup]
Discontinued operating systems
BlackBerry OS
In 1999, RIM released its first BlackBerry devices, providing secure real-time push-email communications on wireless devices. Services such as BlackBerry Messenger provide the integration of all communications into a single inbox. In September 2012, RIM announced that the 200 millionth BlackBerry smartphone was shipped. As of September 2014, there were around 46 million active BlackBerry service subscribers.
In early 2010s, RIM has undergone a platform transition, changing its company name to BlackBerry Limited and making new devices on a new platform named "BlackBerry 10".
Windows Mobile
Windows Mobile was based on the
Windows CE kernel and first appeared as the
Pocket PC 2000 operating system. Throughout its lifespan, the operating system was available in both touchscreen and non-touchscreen formats. It was supplied with a suite of applications developed with the Microsoft Windows API and was designed to have features and appearance somewhat similar to desktop versions of Windows. Third parties could develop software for Windows Mobile with no restrictions imposed by Microsoft. Software applications were eventually purchasable from Windows Marketplace for Mobile during the service's brief lifespan. Windows Mobile was eventually phased out in favor of
Windows Phone OS.
Symbian
Symbian was originally developed by Psion as EPOC32. It was the world's most widely used smartphone operating system until Q4 2010, though the platform never gained popularity in the U.S., as it did in Europe and Asia. The first Symbian phone, the touchscreen Ericsson R380 Smartphone, was released in 2000,
and was the first device marketed as a "smartphone".
It combined a PDA with a mobile phone.
Variants of Symbian OS began to emerge, most notably Symbian UIQ, MOAP and S60, each supported by different manufacturers. With the creation of Symbian Foundation in 2008, Symbian OS was unified under one variant under the stewardship of Nokia. In February 2011, Nokia announced that it would replace Symbian with Windows Phone as the operating system on all of its future smartphones, with the platform being abandoned over the following few years.
Firefox OS
Firefox OS was demonstrated by
Mozilla in February 2012. It was designed to have a complete community-based alternative system for mobile devices, using open standards and HTML5 applications. The first commercially available Firefox OS phones were ZTE Open and Alcatel One Touch Fire. As of 2014, more companies had partnered with Mozilla including
Panasonic (which was making a
smart TV with Firefox OS) and Sony.
In December 2015, Mozilla announced that it would phase out development of Firefox OS for smartphones, and would reposition the project to focus on other forms of Internet-connected devices.
Bada
The Bada operating system for smartphones was announced by Samsung in November 2009.
The first Bada-based phone was the Samsung Wave S8500, released in June 2010.
( via Wayback Machine)
Samsung shipped 4.5 million phones running Bada in Q2 of 2011.
In 2013, Bada merged with a similar platform called Tizen.
webOS
webOS is a proprietary mobile operating system running on the Linux kernel, initially developed by Palm, which launched with the
Palm Pre. After being acquired by HP, two phones (the
HP Veer and the Pre 3) and a tablet (the
HP TouchPad) running webOS were introduced in 2011. On August 18, 2011, HP announced that webOS hardware was to be discontinued
( via Wayback Machine)
but would continue to support and update webOS software and develop the webOS ecosystem.
HP released webOS as open source under the name Open webOS, and plans to update it with additional features.
On February 25, 2013 HP announced the sale of WebOS to LG Electronics, who used the operating system for its current "smart" or Internet-connected TVs, but not smartphones. In January 2014,
Qualcomm has announced that it has acquired technology patents from HP, which includes all the WebOS patents.
[ Qualcomm purchases Palm patents from HP USA Today January 24, 2014. Retrieved February 22, 2016]
Palm OS
In late 2001, Handspring launched the Springboard GSM phone module with limited success. In May 2002, Handspring released the Palm OS Treo 270 smartphone, which did not support Springboard, with both a touchscreen and a full keyboard. The Treo had wireless web browsing, email, calendar, a contact organizer and mobile third-party applications that could be downloaded or synced with a computer.
Handspring was purchased by Palm, Inc which released the Treo 600 and continued releasing Treo devices with a few Treo devices using Windows Mobile.
MeeGo/Maemo/Moblin
MeeGo is an operating system created from the source code of
Moblin (produced by Intel) and
Maemo (produced by Nokia). Before that, Nokia used Maemo on some of its smartphones and internet tablets (such as Nokia N810 and N900). MeeGo was originally envisioned to power a variety of devices from netbooks, tablets to smartphones and smart TVs. However, the only smartphones which used MeeGo was the Nokia N9 and Nokia N950 (MeeGo v1.2 Harmattan). Following Nokia's decision to move to Windows Phone OS in 2011 and to cease MeeGo development, the Linux Foundation canceled MeeGo in September 2011 in favor of the development of Tizen.
Ubuntu Touch
Ubuntu Touch (also known as
Ubuntu Phone) is a mobile version of the Ubuntu operating system developed by
Canonical Ltd and Ubuntu Community.
It is designed primarily for touchscreen mobile devices such as smartphones and tablet computers.
Mobile app
Application stores
The introduction of Apple's App Store for the iPhone and iPod Touch in July 2008 popularized manufacturer-hosted online distribution for third-party applications (
software and computer programs) focused on a single platform. There are a huge variety of apps, including
, music products and business tools. Up until that point, smartphone application distribution depended on third-party sources providing applications for multiple platforms, such as
GetJar,
Handango,
Handmark, and
PocketGear. Following the success of the App Store, other smartphone manufacturers launched application stores, such as Google's Android Market (now Google Play Store) and RIM's BlackBerry App World in April 2009. In February 2014, 93% of mobile developers were targeting smartphones first for mobile app development.
[ W3C Interview: Vision Mobile on the App Developer Economy with Matos Kapetanakis and Dimitris Michalakos . February 18, 2014. Retrieved February 24, 2015.]
Sales
Since 1996, smartphone shipments have had positive growth. In November 2011, 27% of all photographs created were taken with camera-equipped smartphones.
In September 2012, a study concluded that 4 out of 5 smartphone owners use the device to shop online.
Global smartphone sales surpassed the sales figures for feature phones in early 2013.
Worldwide shipments of smartphones topped 1 billion units in 2013, up 38% from 2012's 725 million, while comprising a 55% share of the mobile phone market in 2013, up from 42% in 2012.
( via Wayback Machine)
In Q1 2016 for the first time the shipments dropped by 3 percent
year on year. The situation was caused by the maturing China market.
By manufacturer
| + Worldwide Smartphones Vendors Market Share |
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In 2011, Samsung had the highest shipment market share worldwide, followed by Apple. In 2013, Samsung had 31.3% market share, a slight increase from 30.3% in 2012, while Apple was at 15.3%, a decrease from 18.7% in 2012. Huawei, LG and Lenovo were at about 5% each, significantly better than 2012 figures, while others had about 40%, the same as the previous years figure. Only Apple lost market share, although their shipment volume still increased by 12.9 percent; the rest had significant increases in shipment volumes of 36 to 92 percent.
By operating system
| + Worldwide operating system market share for smartphones |
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The market has been dominated by the Android operating system since 2010. Android's market share (measured by units shipment) rose from 33.2% in Q4 2011 to 81.7% of the market in Q4 2016. Apple's market share oscillated between 18% and 12.5% during the same period. Windows Phone market share also oscillated between 1.5% and 0.3% during the same time frame. As of the end of Q4 2016, Android was the most popular operating system sold with new smartphones with an 81.7% market share, followed by iOS with 17.9%, Windows 10 Mobile with 0.3% and other OSes at 0.1%.
Historical sales figures, in millions
Use
Social
A 2012 University of Southern California study found that
Safe sex adolescent sexual activity was more common among owners of smartphones.
A study conducted by the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute's (RPI) Lighting Research Center (LRC) concluded that smartphones, or any backlit devices, can seriously affect sleep cycles.
Some persons might become psychologically attached to cellphones resulting in anxiety when separated from the devices.
[Cheever, N. A., Rosen, L. D., Carrier, L. M., & Chavez, A. (2014). Out of sight is not out of mind: The impact of restricting wireless mobile device use on anxiety levels among low, moderate and high users. Computers in Human Behavior, 37, 290-297.] A "
smombie" (a combination of "smartphone" and "
zombie") is a walking person using a smartphone and not paying attention as they walk, possibly risking an accident in the process, an increasing social phenomenon.
The issue of slow-moving smartphone users led to the temporary creation of a "mobile lane" for walking in
Chongqing,
China.
The issue of distracted smartphone users led the city of Augsburg, Germany to embed pedestrian traffic lights in the pavement.
[Rick Noack (April 25, 2016) This city embedded traffic lights in the sidewalks so that smartphone users don’t have to look up The Washington Post. Retrieved 5 May 2016.]
While driving
Mobile phone use while driving - including talking on the phone, texting, playing media, web browsing, video game, using mapping apps or operating other phone features - is common but controversial, since it is widely considered dangerous due to what's known as distracted driving. Being distracted while operating a motor vehicle has been shown to increase the risk of . In September 2010, the US National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) reported that 995 people were killed by drivers distracted by phones. In March 2011 a US insurance company, State Farm Insurance, announced the results of a study which showed 19% of drivers surveyed accessed the Internet on a smartphone while driving.
A 2011 study reported that over 90% of college students surveyed text (initiate, reply or read) while driving.
A 2010 study reviewed the incidence of phone use while cycling and its effects on behavior and safety.
Accidents involving a driver being distracted by voice call on a phone have begun to be prosecuted as negligence similar to speeding. In the United Kingdom, from 27 February 2007, motorists who are caught using a hand-held phone while driving will have three penalty points added to their license in addition to the fine of £60.[ ]
Public Health Law Research maintains a list of distracted driving laws in the United States. This database of laws provides a comprehensive view of the provisions of laws that restrict the use of mobile devices while driving for all 50 states and the District of Columbia between 1992, when first law was passed through December 1, 2010. The dataset contains information on 22 dichotomous, continuous or categorical variables including, for example, activities regulated (e.g., texting versus talking, hands-free versus handheld calls, web browsing, gaming), targeted populations, and exemptions.
Legal
A "patent war" between Samsung and Apple started when the latter claimed that the original Galaxy S Android phone copied the interfaceand possibly the hardwareof Apple's iOS for the iPhone 3GS. There was also smartphone patents licensing and litigation involving
Sony Mobile,
Google, Apple Inc., Samsung,
Microsoft,
Nokia,
Motorola,
HTC,
Huawei and
ZTE, among others. The conflict is part of the wider "patent wars" between multinational technology and software corporations. To secure and increase
market share, companies granted a
patent can sue to prevent competitors from using the methods the patent covers. Since 2010 the number of lawsuits, counter-suits, and trade complaints based on patents and designs in the market for smartphones, and devices based on smartphone OSes such as Android and
iOS, has increased significantly. Initial suits, countersuits, rulings, license agreements, and other major events began in 2009 as the smartphone market grew more rapidly.
Medical
With the rise in number of mobile medical apps in the market place, government regulatory agencies raised concerns on the safety of the use of such applications. These concerns were transformed into regulation initiatives worldwide with the aim of safeguarding users from untrusted medical advice.
Security
Smartphone malware is easily distributed through an insecure
app store.
[ Mobile Malware Development Continues To Rise, Android Leads The Way.] Often malware is hidden in pirated versions of legitimate apps, which are then distributed through third-party app stores.
Malware risk also comes from what's known as an "update attack", where a legitimate application is later changed to include a malware component, which users then install when they are notified that the app has been updated.
As well, one out of three robberies in 2012 in the United States involved the theft of a mobile phone. An online petition has urged smartphone makers to install
in their devices.
In 2014, Apple's "Find my iPhone" and Google's "Android Device Manager" can disable phones that have been lost/stolen. With BlackBerry Protect in OS version 10.3.2, devices can be rendered unrecoverable to even BlackBerry's own Operating System recovery tools if incorrectly authenticated or dissociated from their account.
Sleep
Using smartphones late at night can disturb sleep, due to the brightly lit screen affecting
melatonin levels and
sleep cycles. In an effort to alleviate these issues, several apps that change the color temperature of a screen to a warmer hue based on the time of day to reduce the amount of blue light generated have been developed for Android, while iOS 9.3 integrated similar, system-level functionality known as "Night Shift". Amazon released a feature known as "blue shade" in their Fire OS "Bellini" 5.0 and later. It has also been theorized that for some users, addicted use of their phones, especially before they go to bed, can result in "
ego depletion". Many people also use their phones as alarm clocks, which can also lead to loss of sleep.
[Kalsbeek, Andries (2012). The Neurobiology of Circadian Timing Elsevier. pp. 382.]
Comparison with other devices
Smartphones have presented issues similar to those affecting other devices As well, there are some issues which are unique to smartphones.
Battery
Compared to earlier smartphones, smartphone battery life has generally been poor, due to the significant power requirements of their computer systems and color screens. Poor smartphone battery life has negatively affected customer satisfaction.
There is also a trend towards using batteries that the user cannot replace.
Smartphone users have addressed the challenge of limited battery life by purchasing additional chargers for use outside the home, at work, and in cars and by buying portable external "battery packs". External battery packs include generic models which are connected to the smartphone with a cable and custom-made models that "piggyback" onto a smartphone's case. Most recently, Samsung had to recall millions of the Galaxy Note 7 smartphones due to an explosive battery issue.
Terminology
"
Phablet", a
portmanteau of the words
phone and
tablet, describes smartphones with larger screens.
"Superphone" is also used by some companies to market phones with unusually large screens and other expensive features.[ What Makes a Smartphone a Superphone? Mashable.com][ Superphone vs smartphone: what's the difference? Techradar.com]
"Ultra Premium" is a term used to identify a smartphone which has top of the line materials.[ Samsung's foldable phone to be 'luxurious ultra premium' device, first samples coming in Q3 Phone Arena, Retrieved 27 March 2017.]
See also
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