Divine retribution is supernatural punishment to a person, or a group of people, or everyone by a deity in response to some action. Several have a story about how a deity imposed punishment on previous inhabitants of their land, causing their doom.
An example of divine retribution is the story found in many religions about a great flood destroying all of humanity, as described in the Epic of Gilgamesh, the Hindu Vedas, or the Book of Genesis (6:9–8:22), leaving one principal 'chosen' survivor. In the first example, the survivor is Utnapishtim, in the Hindu Vedas, it is Vaivasvata Manu, and in the last example, it is Noah. References in the Old Testament and the Quran to a man named Nuh (Noah) who was commanded by God to build an ark also suggest that one man and his followers were saved in a great flood.
Other examples in Bible history include the dispersion of the builders of the Tower of Babel (Genesis 11:1–9), the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah (Genesis 18:20–21, 19:23–28) (), and the Ten Plagues visited upon the for persecuting the children of Israel (Exodus, Chapters 7–12).
In Greek mythology, the goddess Hera often became enraged when her husband, Zeus, would impregnate mortal women, and would exact divine retribution on the children born of such affairs. In some versions of the myth, Medusa was turned into her monstrous form as divine retribution for her vanity; in others it was a punishment for being raped by Poseidon.
The Bible refers to divine retribution as, in most cases, being delayed or "treasured up" to a future time.Luke 3:7; Romans 2:5 Sight of God's supernatural works and retribution would militate against faith in God's Word.For we are saved by hope: but hope that is seen is not hope...(Romans 8:24)
Some religions or philosophical positions have no concept of divine retribution, nor posit a God being capable of or willing to express such human sentiments as jealousy, vengeance, or wrath. For example, in Deism and Pandeism, the creator does not intervene in our Universe at all, either for good or for ill, and therefore exhibits no such behavior. In Pantheism (as reflected in Pandeism as well), God is the Universe and encompasses everything within it, and so has no need for retribution, as all things against which retribution might be taken are simply within God. This view is reflected in some pantheistic or pandeistic forms of Hinduism, as well.
Buddhism
Buddhists do accept the existence of beings in higher realms (see Buddhist cosmology), known as devas, but they, like humans, are said to be suffering in samsara, and are not necessarily wiser than us. The Buddha is often portrayed as a teacher of the gods, and superior to them. Despite this, there are believed to be enlightened devas. But since there may also be unenlightened devas, there also may be godlike beings who engage in retributive acts, but if they do so, then they do so out of their own ignorance of a greater truth.
Despite this nontheism, Buddhism nevertheless fully accepts the theory of karma, which posits punishment-like effects, such as rebirths in realms of torment, as an invariable consequence of wrongful actions. Unlike in most Abrahamic monotheistic religions, these effects are not eternal, though they can last for a very long time. Even theistic religions do not necessarily see such effects as "punishment" imposed by a higher authority, rather than natural consequences of wrongful action.
Abrahamic Religions
Hebrew Bible
- Genesis 3:14–24 – Curse upon Adam and Eve and expulsion from the Garden of Eden; Disobedience
- Genesis 4:9–15 – Curse upon Cain after his slaying of his brother, Abel
- Genesis 6–7 – The Great Flood; Rampant evil and Nephilim
- Genesis 11:1–9 – The confusion of languages at the Tower of Babel; To scatter them over the Earth
- Genesis 19:23–29 – Destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah; people of no redeeming value
- Genesis 38:6–10 – Destruction of Er and Onan; wickedness in the Lord's sight
- Exodus 7–14 – Plagues of Egypt; to establish his power over that of the gods of Egypt
- Exodus 19:10–25 – Divine threatenings at Mount Sinai; warn that the mountain is off limits and holy
- Exodus 32 – Plagues at the incident of the golden calf; disowning the people for breaking his covenant with them
- Leviticus 10:1–2 – Nadab and Abihu are burned; offering unauthorised fire in their censers
- Leviticus 26:14–39 – Curses upon the disobedient; divine warning
- Numbers 11 – A plague accompanies the giving of manna in the wilderness; rejecting his gracious gift of heavenly food and failing his test of obedience
- Numbers 16 – The rebellion of Korah, Dathan, and Abiram – Their supernatural deaths and the plague that followed; insolence and attempting self-promotion to roles they were unworthy of holding
- Numbers 20:9–13 – Reprimand of Moses at the water of Meribah; disobeying the Lord's instruction, showing distrust and indifference in God's presence
- Numbers 21 – Murmuring of the people and the plague of fiery flying serpent; spurning God's grace
- Numbers 25 – Whoredom with the and resulting plague; breaching God's covenant through sexual immorality and worshipping other gods
- Deuteronomy 28 – Curses pronounced upon the disobedient; another divine warning
- 1 Samuel 6:19 – some/many men of Beth Shemesh killed; Looking into the Ark of the Covenant
- 2 Samuel 6:1–7 – Uzzah struck dead; Touching the Ark of the Covenant
- 1 Kings 11 – God promises to tear King Solomon's kingdom from his son except for a single tribe; Building altars to other gods for his wives
- – sending trials to the just man Job
New Testament and Christian thought
- – John the Baptist declares that whoever believes in the Son has eternal life; whoever does not obey the Son, or in some English translations, does not believe the Son,: NKJV shall not see life, but the wrath of God remains on him.: English Standard Version
- – Ananias and his wife Sapphira are struck dead for holding back some of the proceeds after selling a piece of property
- – For the wrath of God is revealed from heaven against all ungodliness and unrighteousness of men, who by their unrighteousness suppress the truth.
- – Since, therefore, we have now been justified by his blood, much more shall we be saved by him from the wrath of God.
- – Beloved, never avenge yourselves, but leave it to the wrath of God, for it is written, "Vengeance is mine, I will repay, says the Lord."
- – Let no one deceive you with empty words, for because of these things the wrath of God comes upon the sons of disobedience.
- – For the great day of his wrath has come, and who is able to withstand?
- – So the angel swung his sickle across the earth and gathered the grape harvest of the earth and threw it into the great winepress of the wrath of God.
- – Then I saw another sign in heaven, great and marvelous: seven angels having the seven last plagues, for in them the wrath of God was finished.
- – From his mouth comes a sharp sword with which to strike down the nations, and he will rule them with a rod of iron. He will tread the winepress of the fury of the wrath of God the Almighty.
Eusebius suggests that the final illness and death of Herod the Great was an example of divine punishment for the slaughter of the innocents after the birth of Jesus. Matthew's gospel mentions Herod's death in passing. Josephus gives a more vivid portrayal of his condition and demise.Flavius Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews, 17.6.5, edited by William Whiston, accessed on 25 June 2024
Heinrich Meyer observes in his consideration of John 3:36 that the wrath of God "remains" on anyone who rejects belief in the Son, meaning that the rejection of faith is not the trigger for God's wrath, it is there already. Their refusal to believe amounts to a refusal to allow the wrath of God to be lifted from them.Meyer, H. A. W. (1880), Meyer's NT Commentary on John 3, translated from the German sixth edition, accessed 8 January 2024
Quran
- : People of Nuh (Noah) who were drowned in the flood.
- and : Ād (people of Hud) who God sent a stormy cold wind against them for seven nights and eight Days successively, which killed them all.
- : Thamud (people of Salih) who killed the miraculous she-camel, so God sent against them several natural disasters, such as a storm and a powerful earthquake, thereby destroying them.
- and : Sodom and Gomorrah, who because of homosexuality, God turned the town upside down and rained on them stones. Previously when they asked Lut to leave his guests to them in order to commit the shameful act, God blinded their eyes.
- : People of Ibrahim (Abraham) that had divine retribution after denying Ibrahim.
- and : Dwellers of the Cities of Median and Aikah, whom denied prophet Shuaib (Jethro) and in selling didn't give full measure and weight with justice, so an earthquake and blast hit them and killed them all.
- : Pharaoh's people were punished by Years of drought and shortage of crops, and also God sent upon them all sorts of Calamities: The flood, the locusts, The lice, the frogs and the blood, a Succession of Clear Signs representing Allah's Wrath.
- Pharaoh and his people, which God Drowned them in the sea, because they Belied his Signs and Miracles and Were heedless about them.
- : Korah was punished due to his extreme arrogance by being swallowed by earth along with all his great material wealth.
- and : 70 chosen Israelites who asked for visiting God, and were seized with a thunderbolt, and then were raised to life after death.
- and : Companions of the Sabbath who became apes, because of breaking the rule of Sabbath and fishing in that day.
- and : Israelites, when they revoltingly persisted in what they had been forbidden, Lord announced that He would send against them those who would impose the worst torment on them until Resurrection Day.
- and : the wrongdoers of the Israelites changed The word which was stated to them, for an irrelevant word, so God sent Down upon them a plague from the heaven due to their evildoing.
- : The Israelites breaking their covenant, whom God cursed them and made their hearts Hard, so they change the words of Torah from their right places and have forgotten a part of the Message That was sent to them.
- and : People of Yunus(Jonah), whom When they saw the symptoms of Torment, believed God and obeyed him, so he removed from them the Torment in the life of this world. Because Yunus wasn't patient enough and left his people before God tells him to do so, a fish swallowed him; and after he admitted his wrongdoing and glorified God, God accepted his repentance and released him from the fish's belly.
- : Sabaeans whom because of their ingratitude, God afflicted them with a violent flood arising from a broken dam, and destroyed their productive gardens and dispersed the people.
- and : People of Tubba whom were punished by God after denying their prophet.
- and : Companions of the Rass that rejected their messenger, so they became subject of Devine torment.
- : Owners of the burnt garden, whom because of not giving to the poor, an Affliction fell upon their garden from your God, And the garden was turned into a black Barren land.
- : The owner of a beautiful garden, whom because of his arrogance and denial of the day of resurrection, an Affliction fell upon their garden from your God, And the garden was ruined on its trellises and its fruits were all destroyed.
- : People of Ya-Sin: After they belied the messengers and killed the believer, there was a single and sudden Divine Outcry and they all became silent and Motionless corpses.
- : Al-Fil who were stoned by birds, because they wanted to destroy the Kaaba.
Alleged modern examples
While some Orthodox Jews believed that the Holocaust was divine retribution for sins, this argument has many critics. In contrast, many Germans at the time believed that the bombing of Germany was divine retribution for the November pogrom, although seeing the bombings as divine retribution became less popular after the war.
The 1953 Waco tornado outbreak was regarded by some people in the local African-American community as divine retribution for the lynching of Jesse Washington over thirty years prior.
Various Christian, Jewish and Muslim religious leaders claimed that Hurricane Katrina was God's punishment on America, New Orleans or the world for any of a variety of alleged sins, including abortion, sexual immorality (including the gay pride event Southern Decadence), the policies of the American Empire, failure to support Israel, and failure of black people to study the Torah.NPR: Pastor John Hagee on Christian Zionism. September 18, 2006.
The 2007 UK floods were claimed by Graham Dow to be God's punishment against homosexuals.
Televangelist Pat Robertson stirred up controversy after claiming that the 2010 Haiti earthquake may have been God's belated punishment on Haitians for allegedly having made a "pact with the Devil" to overthrow the French during the Haitian Revolution. Yehuda Levin, an Orthodox Jewish rabbi, linked the earthquake to gays in the military via an alleged Talmudic teaching that homosexuality causes earthquakes. Levin posted a video onto YouTube the same day as 2011 Virginia earthquake in which he said, "The Talmud states, "You have shaken your male member anal sex. I too, will shake the Earth". He said that homosexuals shouldn't take it personally: "We don't hate homosexuals. I feel bad for homosexuals. It's a revolt against God and literally, there's hell to pay".
Chaplain John McTernan said that Hurricane Isaac, like Hurricane Katrina, was God's punishment on homosexuals. Buster Wilson of the American Family Association concurred that statement.
McTernan also said that Hurricane Sandy may have been God's punishment against homosexuals. In addition, WorldNetDaily columnist William Koenig, along with McTernan himself, suggested that American support for a two-state solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict led to the hurricane.
Malaysian politician Ahmad Zahid Hamidi said the brutal 2018 Central Sulawesi earthquake and tsunami was "God's (Allah) rage against homosexuals in Indonesia because they were allowed to living in Indonesia".
Orthodox rabbi Shmuel Eliyahu said the brutal 2023 Turkey–Syria earthquake was "God's tribunal on Turkey and Syria since they were considered anti-Jewish like former Nazi Germany because their support for Palestine".
Iraqi Shia cleric Muqtada al-Sadr said the brutal 2023 Turkey–Syria earthquake was "God's (Allah) rebuke against Turkey because weak response against the holy book (Quran) burning by right wing extremist groups in Sweden".
Islamic State officials said the brutal 2023 Turkey–Syria earthquake was "God's (Allah) rage against Turkey for renounced Sharia laws, replaced it with unbeliever (Kuffar) laws and enforced it, adopted unbeliever lifestyles, declared war against ISIS and allied with the army of unbelievers (NATO)" in their propaganda narrative.
Rebuttals
A Jesuit priest, James Martin, wrote on Twitter in response to Hurricane Sandy that "If any religious leaders say tomorrow that the hurricane is God's punishment against some group, they're idiots. God's ways are not our ways."
See also
- Act of God
- Christian eschatology
- Confirmation bias
- Divine judgment
- Divine providence
- Eye for an eye
- Frontier justice
- Just-world fallacy
- Karma
- Collective punishment
- Mills of God
- Nemesis
- Penal substitution
- "Retribution" (poem)
- Retributive justice
- Societal collapse
- Western Christianity
Notes
External links
- R. G. V. Tasker. The Biblical Doctrine of the Wrath of God
- Gili Kugler, When God Wanted to Destroy the Chosen People: Biblical Traditions and Theology on the Move
- W. L. Craig. True Love: The Doctrine of Divine Retribution
- Herbert W. Byrne. The Wrath of God (2005 )
|
|
